Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico

Abstract

We describe and illustrate the biogeography of the cicadas inhabiting continental North America, north of Mexico. Species distributions were determined through our collecting efforts as well as label data from more than 110 institutional collections. The status of subspecies is discussed with respect to their distributions. As we have shown over limited geographic areas, the distribution of individual species is related to the habitat in which they are found. We discuss the biogeography of the genera with respect to their phylogenetic relationships. California is the state with the greatest alpha diversity (89 species, 46.6% of taxa) and unique species (35 species, 18.3% of taxa). Texas, Arizona, Colorado and Utah are the states with the next greatest alpha diversity with Texas, Arizona and Utah being next for unique species diversity. Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode Island are the states with the least amount of cicada diversity. Diversity is greatest in states and areas where there is a diversity of plant communities and habitats within these communities. Mountainous terrain also coincides with increases in diversity. Several regions of the focus area require additional collection efforts to fill in the distributions of several species

Molecular phylogenetics, diversification, and systematics of Tibicen Latreille 1825 and allied cicadas of the tribe Cryptotympanini, with three new genera and emphasis on species from the USA and Canada<br />(Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)

“…One of the largest North American groups in need of phylogenetic study is the genus Tibicen Latreille and its allies (Sanborn & Heath 2012;Sanborn & Phillips 2013). With 38 USA species and subspecies (Table 1), Tibicen extends from the Atlantic to Arizona, north into Canada, and south into Mexico and Central America (Sanborn 2010).…”

“…Unlike the periodical cicadas, which can damage fruit and nursery crops, Tibicen species are rarely of economic significance (e.g., Wilson 1930). Distributions, habitat associations, and song characteristics for all of the cryptotympanine species north of Mexico are summarized in Table 1 and reviewed further in Sanborn and Phillips (2013). Life history information is also summarized in the publications of Beamer (1928), Myers (1929), and Heath (1978).…”

Checklist of the cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Costa Rica including new records for fourteen species

“…The distribution of D. digueti is more northern being restricted to Mexico (Sanborn 2007b). The same is true with respect to the record for D. vitripennis (Say, 1830), a species restricted to the United States Sanborn and Phillips 2013). Distant (1906;1912) mistakenly synonymized the Central American Tibicen nigriventris (Walker, 1858) with D. vitripennis in his keys.…”

“…Parker (2 males, 1 female, EMUS); ibidem, 23-31 -III -1990 (2 males, 2 females, EMUS); ibidem, 1-7 - IV -1990 (1 male, EMUS); ibidem, 28 -IV -1991 (1 male, 2 females, EMUS, 2 males, 2 females, AFSC); ibidem, 15-23 - V -1990 (1 male, 2 females, EMUS); ibidem, 16-23 -V -1990 Davis, 1923 (Subfamily Cicadinae, Tribe Fidicinini, Subtribe Guyalnina) Geographical distribution. Pacarina puella has previously been reported from Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and the United States (Metcalf 1963a; Duffels and van der Laan 1985;Wolda 1977;1989;1993;Wolda and Ramos 1992; Sanborn 2006a;2007b;2010b;Sanborn and Phillips 2013). …”

North American entomophagy

“…Some species within the family Cicadidae emerge annually during mid-to late summer, or early spring depending on geographical location (Sanborn and Phillips, 2013). Other cicada species have a longer life cycle, with adults emerging every 13 or 17 years (Milne and Milne, 1980).…”