Biogenic Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated by the Extract of Terminalia catappa Fruit Pericarp and Its Multifaceted Applications

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were biosynthesized by using the pericarp aqueous extract from Terminalia catappa Linn. These NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and XRD studies of the nanoparticles reported mean size as 12.58 nm nanocrystals with highest purity. Further SEM analysis emphasized the nanoparticles to be spherical in shape. The functional groups responsible for capping and stabilizing the NPs were identified with FTIR studies. DLS studies of the synthesized NPs reported ζ potential as −10.1 mV and exhibited stable colloidal solution. These characterized ZnO-NPs were evaluated for various biological applications such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, genotoxic, biocompatibility, and larvicidal studies. To explore its multidimensional application in the field of medicine. NPs reported a potential antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 200 μg/mL against bacterial strains in the decreasing order of Streptococcus pyogenes > Streptococcus aureus > Streptococcus typhi > Streptococcus aeruginosa and against the fungi Candida albicans. In vitro studies of RBC hemolysis with varying concentrations of NPs confirm their biocompatibility with IC 50 value of 211.4 μg/mL. The synthesized NPs' DPPH free radical scavenging activity was examined to extend their antioxidant applications. The antiproliferation and genetic toxicity were studied with meristematic cells of Allium cepa reported with mitotic index (MI index) of 1.2% at the concentration of 1000 μg/mL. NPs exhibited excellent Larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae with the highest mortality rate as 98% at 4 mg/L. Our findings elicit the therapeutic potentials of the synthesized zinc oxide NPs.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Rhus coriaria extract and their anticancer activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells

“…2 D, the ζ-potential analysis revealed that ZnO NPs exhibited a negative charge at − 19.9 ± 0.1663 mV. Significantly, the observed ζ-potential value of the as-prepared NPs in this study surpasses the findings reported in other relevant studies 32 , 37 , 38 . It indicates the relative good stability and dispersity of the green synthesized ZnO NPs, which can be attributed to the presence of functional groups from R. coriaria fruit extract on their surfaces, serving the function of capping and maintaining the stability of NPs.…”

“…Here, the resultant FT-IR spectrum showed a prominent band at 3429 cm −1 , which correlates to the stretching vibration of the OH group of phenolic compounds 31 . Then, two small peaks were noticed at 2926 cm −1 and 2851 cm −1 , corresponding to asymmetrical and symmetrical C–H stretching vibrations of the CH 2 groups, respectively 32 , 33 . A singular band was observed at 2093 cm −1 representing the aromatic overtones, followed by a peak around 1613 cm −1 , which is attributed to the C=C stretching vibration of conjugated alkene groups 34 , 35 .…”