Biogenic nitric oxide emissions upscaling: An approach for Zimbabwe

Kirkman, G. A.; Yang, WenXing X.; Meixner, Franz X.

doi:10.1029/2000gb001287

Cited by 27 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Observations show large pulses of S NO x when dry grasslands/savannahs or seasonally dry forests are exposed to rainfall (Johannsson and Sanhueza, 1988;Davidson, 1992b;Harris et al, 1996;Levine et al, 1996;Kirkman et al, 2001;Scholes et al, 1997;Serca et al, 1998;Stewart et al, 2008). To test our parameterization of these pulsing events, we focus on the central Sahel .…”

Section: Validation Of Pulsing Scheme: Monsoonal Onset Over the Africmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For high values, denitrification dominates preferentially emitting N 2 O and N 2 ; diffusion of emitted gases through the soil pores is also limited. S NO x dependence on soil moisture is thus best described as a Poisson function Otter et al, 1999;Pierce and Aneja, 2000;Kirkman et al, 2001;van Dijk and Meixner, 2001; van Dijk et al, 2002) where the values of a and b are chosen such that the maximum value (unity) occurs for θ = 0.2 for arid soils and 0.3 elsewhere. Laboratory and field measurements have found that emissions peak in this range for most soils (Yang and Meixner, 1997;Ormeci et al, 1999).…”

Section: Soil Moisture/soil Temperature Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Steps towards a mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Soils have been identified as a major source (∼ 15 %) of global nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions. Parameterizations of soil NO x emissions (S NO x ) commonly used in the current generation of chemical transport models were designed to capture mean seasonal behaviour. These parameterizations do not, however, respond quantitatively to the meteorological triggers that are observed to result in pulsed S NO x . Here we present a new parameterization of S NO x implemented within a global chemical transport model (GEOSChem). The parameterization represents available nitrogen (N) in soils using biome specific emission factors, online wet-and dry-deposition of N, and fertilizer and manure N derived from a spatially explicit dataset, distributed using seasonality derived from data obtained by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer. Moreover, it represents the functional form of emissions derived from point measurements and ecosystem scale experiments including pulsing following soil wetting by rain or irrigation, and emissions that are a smooth function of soil moisture as well as temperature between 0 and 30 • C. This parameterization yields global above-soil S NO x of 10.7 Tg N yr −1 , including 1.8 Tg N yr −1 from fertilizer N input (1.5 % of applied N) and 0.5 Tg N yr −1 from atmospheric N deposition. Over the United States (US) Great Plains region, S NO x are predicted to comprise 15-40 % of the tropospheric NO 2 column and increase column variability by a factor of 2-4 during the summer months due to chemical fertilizer application and warm temperatures. S NO x enhancements of 50-80 % of the simulated NO 2 column are predicted over the African Sahel during the monsoon onset (April-June). In this region the day-to-day variability of column NO 2 is increased by a factor of 5 due to pulsed-N emissions. We evaluate the model by comparison with observations of NO 2 column density from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We find that the model is able to reproduce the observed interannual variability of NO 2 (induced by pulsed-N emissions) over the US Great Plains. We also show that the OMI mean (median) NO 2 observed during the overpass following first rainfall over the Sahel is 49 % (23 %) higher than in the five days preceding. The measured NO 2 on the day after rainfall is still 23 % (5 %) higher, providing a direct measure of the pulse's decay time of 1-2 days. This is consistent with the pulsing representation used in our parameterization and much shorter than 5-14 day pulse decay length used in current models.

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Section: Validation Of Pulsing Scheme: Monsoonal Onset Over the Africmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Moisture/soil Temperature Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

Steps towards a mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints

et al. 2012

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“…Because wood is low in N, the contribution of domestic biomass burning to the NO x -budget will be relatively low, provided wood is the major fuel. Biogenic soil emissions, which have been estimated as 22.2 Gg N yr −1 to 32.9 Gg N yr −1 (Kirkman et al, 2001 are likely to dominate the NO x -budget.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

04/01021 Domestic combustion of biomass fuels in developing countries: A major source of atmospheric pollutants

2004

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

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Abstract. Biomass burning has important impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Fires in tropical forests and savannas release large quantities of trace gases and particulate matter. Combustion of biofuels for cooking and heating constitutes a less spectacular but similarly widespread biomass burning activity. To provide the groundwork for a quantification of this source, we determined in rural Zimbabwe the emissions of CO 2 , CO, and NO from more than 100 domestic fires fueled by wood, agricultural residues, and dung. The results indicate that, compared to open savanna fires, emissions from domestic fires are shifted towards products of incomplete combustion. A tentative global analysis shows that the source strength of domestic biomass burning is on the order of 1500 Tg CO 2 -C yr −1 , 140 Tg CO-C yr −1 , and 2.5 Tg NO-N yr −1 . This represents contributions of about 7 to 20% to the global budget of these gases.

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“…The methodology for the laboratory measurement of the NO flux from soil was developed at the end of the 1990s (Yang and Meixner, 1997) and has been continuously used during the last two decades (Otter et al, 1999;Kirkman et al, 2001;van Dijk and Meixner, 2001;Feig et al, 2008a;Feig et al, 2008bFeig et al, , 2009Yu et al, 2008Yu et al, , 2010aAshuri, 2009;Gelfand et al, 2009;Bargsten et al, 2010). The methodology has been significantly improved in the frame of this study and is described in detail by Behrendt et al (2014).…”

Section: Laboratory Determination Of Net Potential No Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown during the last two decades (Yang and Meixner, 1997;Otter et al, 1999;Kirkman et al, 2001;van Dijk and Meixner, 2001;van Dijk et al, 2002;Meixner and Yang, 2006;Yu et al, 2008Yu et al, , 2010Feig et al, 2008;Ashuri, 2009;Gelfand et al, 2009 andBargsten et al, 2010), the dependence of NO release from gravimetric soil moisture and soil temperature can be characterized by two explicit dimensionless functions, the so-called optimum soil moisture curve g(θ g ) and the exponential soil temperature curve h(T soil ):…”

Section: Laboratory Determination Of Net Potential No Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropospheric vertical column densities of NO<sub>2</sub> over managed dryland ecosystems (Xinjiang, China): MAX-DOAS measurements vs. 3-D dispersion model simulations based on laboratory-derived NO emission from soil samples

et al. 2015

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Abstract. We report on MAX-DOAS observations of NO 2 over an oasis-ecotone-desert ecosystem in NW China. There, local ambient NO 2 concentrations originate from enhanced biogenic NO emission of intensively managed soils. Our target oasis "Milan" is located at the southern edge of the Taklimakan desert, very remote and well isolated from other potential anthropogenic and biogenic NO x sources. Four observation sites for MAX-DOAS measurements were selected, at the oasis centre, downwind and upwind of the oasis, and in the desert. Biogenic NO emissions in terms of (i) soil moisture and (ii) soil temperature of Milan oasis (iii) different land-cover type sub-units (cotton, Jujube trees, cotton/Jujube mixture, desert) were quantified by laboratory incubation of corresponding soil samples. Net potential NO fluxes were up-scaled to oasis scale by areal distribution and classification of land-cover types derived from satellite images using GIS techniques. A Lagrangian dispersion model (LASAT, Lagrangian Simulation of Aerosol Transport) was used to calculate the dispersion of soil emitted NO into the atmospheric boundary layer over Milan oasis. Threedimensional (3-D) NO concentrations (30 m horizontal resolution) have been converted to 3-D NO 2 concentrations, assuming photostationary state conditions. NO 2 column densities were simulated by suitable vertical integration of modelled 3-D NO 2 concentrations at those downwind and upwind locations, where the MAX-DOAS measurements were performed. Downwind-upwind differences (a direct measure of Milan oasis' contribution to the areal increase of ambient NO 2 concentration) of measured and simulated slant (as well as vertical) NO 2 column densities show excellent agreement. This agreement is considered as the first successful attempt to prove the validity of the chosen approach to upscale laboratory-derived biogenic NO fluxes to ecosystem field conditions, i.e. from the spatial scale of a soil sample (cm 2 ) to the size of an entire agricultural ecosystem (km 2 ).

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Biogenic nitric oxide emissions upscaling: An approach for Zimbabwe

Cited by 27 publications

References 57 publications

Steps towards a mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints

Steps towards a mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints

04/01021 Domestic combustion of biomass fuels in developing countries: A major source of atmospheric pollutants

Tropospheric vertical column densities of NO<sub>2</sub> over managed dryland ecosystems (Xinjiang, China): MAX-DOAS measurements vs. 3-D dispersion model simulations based on laboratory-derived NO emission from soil samples

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Biogenic nitric oxide emissions upscaling: An approach for Zimbabwe

Cited by 27 publications

References 57 publications

Steps towards a mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints

Steps towards a mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints

04/01021 Domestic combustion of biomass fuels in developing countries: A major source of atmospheric pollutants

Tropospheric vertical column densities of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; over managed dryland ecosystems (Xinjiang, China): MAX-DOAS measurements vs. 3-D dispersion model simulations based on laboratory-derived NO emission from soil samples

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Tropospheric vertical column densities of NO<sub>2</sub> over managed dryland ecosystems (Xinjiang, China): MAX-DOAS measurements vs. 3-D dispersion model simulations based on laboratory-derived NO emission from soil samples