Biogenic emissions from Citrus species in California

Fares, Silvano; Gentner, Drew R.; Park, Jeong‐Hoo; Ormeño, Elena; Karlik, J.; Goldstein, Allen H.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.066

Cited by 60 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Emission of BVOC from Citrus is known to be temperature dependent due to volatilization from organs (ducts, glands) where BVOC are stored (Kesselmeier and Staudt, 1999), as shown in recent studies using branch enclosure techniques (Fares et al, 2011). In these studies, performed under controlled conditions and in the absence of any environmental stress, monoterpenes were the most abundant isoprenoids emitted by oranges.…”

Section: S Fares Et Al: Seasonal Cycles Of Biogenic Voc Fluxes Andmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…5). Higher fluxes of methanol during mid-day hours have been previously described, with light-dependent emissions (Huve et al, 2007), and evidence of newly assimilated carbon re-emitted as methanol exhibiting a temperature dependence (Folkers et al, 2008, Fares et al, 2011. Strong nocturnal gradients decreasing from above down to the canopy suggest that some deposition occurs at night.…”

Section: Methanolmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Seasonal cycles of biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes and concentrations in a California citrus orchard

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Orange trees are widely cultivated in Mediterranean climatic regions where they are an important agricultural crop. Citrus have been characterized as emitters of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in chamber studies under controlled environmental conditions, but an extensive characterization at field scale has never been performed using modern measurement methods, and is particularly needed considering the complex interactions between the orchards and the polluted atmosphere in which Citrus is often cultivated. For one year, in a Valencia orange orchard in Exeter, California, we measured fluxes using PTRMS (Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer) and eddy covariance for the most abundant VOC typically emitted from citrus vegetation: methanol, acetone, and isoprenoids. Concentration gradients of additional oxygenated and aromatic compounds from the ground level to above the canopy were also measured. In order to characterize concentrations of speciated biogenic VOC (BVOC) in leaves, we analyzed leaf content by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometery) regularly throughout the year. We also characterized in more detail concentrations of speciated BVOC in the air above the orchard by in-situ GC-MS during a few weeks in spring flowering and summer periods. Here we report concentrations and fluxes of the main VOC species emitted by the orchard, discuss how fluxes measured in the field relate to previous studies made with plant enclosures, and describe how VOC content in leaves and emissions change during the year in response to phenological and environmental parameters. The orchard was a source of monoterpenes and oxygenated VOC. The highest emissions were observed during the springtime flowering period, with mid-day fluxes above 2 nmol m −2 s −1 for methanol and up to 1 nmol m −2 s −1 for acetone and monoterpenes. During hot summer days emissions were not as high as we expected considering the known dependence of biogenic emissions on temperature. We provide evidence that thickening of leaf cuticle wax content limited gaseous emissions during the summer.

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Section: S Fares Et Al: Seasonal Cycles Of Biogenic Voc Fluxes Andmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Methanolmentioning

confidence: 96%

Seasonal cycles of biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes and concentrations in a California citrus orchard

et al. 2012

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“…In the southern SJV, known organic sources likely to be temperature dependent are diverse and are arranged in an overlapping patchwork surrounding the CalNex-SJV site. These sources include emissions from dairy wastes (e.g., Shaw et al, 2007;Gentner et al, 2013a) and animal feeds (Alanis et al, 2010;Howard et al, 2010a, b;Malkina et al, 2011), biogenic emissions from crops (e.g., Ormeño et al, 2010;Fares et al, 2011Fares et al, , 2012Gentner et al, 2013b;Park et al, 2013a) and forests in the adjacent Sierra Nevada foothills (e.g., Schade and Goldstein, 2001;LaFranchi et al, 2011;Park et al, 2013b), and the evaporative emissions of oil and gas extraction activities, as suggested by our observation of temperature-dependent light alkane mixing ratios.…”

Section: Organic Reactivity and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

On the temperature dependence of organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides, ozone production, and the impact of emission controls in San Joaquin Valley, California

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) experiences some of the worst ozone air quality in the US, frequently exceeding the California 8 h standard of 70.4 ppb. To improve our understanding of trends in the number of ozone violations in the SJV, we analyze observed relationships between organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and daily maximum temperature in the southern SJV using measurements made as part of California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change in 2010 (CalNex-SJV). We find the daytime speciated organic reactivity with respect to OH during CalNex-SJV has a temperature-independent portion with molecules typically associated with motor vehicles being the major component.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. S. E. Pusede et al.: Temperature-dependent impacts of emission controlsAt high temperatures, characteristic of days with high ozone, the largest portion of the total organic reactivity increases exponentially with temperature and is dominated by small, oxygenated organics and molecules that are unidentified. We use this simple temperature classification to consider changes in organic emissions over the last and next decade. With the CalNex-SJV observations as constraints, we examine the sensitivity of ozone production (P O 3 ) to future NO x and organic reactivity controls. We find that P O 3 is NO x -limited at all temperatures on weekends and on weekdays when daily maximum temperatures are greater than 29 • C. As a consequence, NO x reductions are the most effective control option for reducing the frequency of future ozone violations in the southern SJV.

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“…Consistently, methanol mixing ratios at this site were the highest of all the VOC observed with a range from 7.3-43.6 ppbv. Previous branch enclosure experiments for citrus species have demonstrated that methanol is the dominant VOC emitted on a molar basis (Fares et al, 2011). The diurnal cycle of vertical gradients (Fig.…”

Section: Fluxes By Ptr-tof-ms and Vertical Gradients By Ptr-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we infer para-cymene was probably the main contributor to fluxes and vertical gradients of m/z 93. Monoterpenes are BVOC with chemical composition C 10 H 16 , and citrus trees emit various monoterpenes including limonene, ocimene, and sabinene (Fares et al, 2011;Ormeno et al, 2010;Ciccioli et al, 1999). PTR-MS or PTR-TOF-MS systems monitor the sum of monoterpenes mainly at m/z 137 (or 137.131) (C 10 H 16 H + ), with a main fragment at m/z 81 (or 81.070) (C 6 H 8 H + ) and several minor fragments including m/z 95 (or 95.086) (C 7 H 10 H + ).…”

Section: Fluxes By Ptr-tof-ms and Vertical Gradients By Ptr-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eddy covariance emission and deposition flux measurements using proton transfer reaction – time of flight – mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS): comparison with PTR-MS measured vertical gradients and fluxes

et al. 2013

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Abstract. During summer 2010, a proton transfer reaction – time of flight – mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a quadrupole proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) were deployed simultaneously for one month in an orange orchard in the Central Valley of California to collect continuous data suitable for eddy covariance (EC) flux calculations. The high time resolution (5 Hz) and high mass resolution (up to 5000 m/Δm) data from the PTR-TOF-MS provided the basis for calculating the concentration and flux for a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Throughout the campaign, 664 mass peaks were detected in mass-to-charge ratios between 10 and 1278. Here we present PTR-TOF-MS EC fluxes of the 27 ion species for which the vertical gradient was simultaneously measured by PTR-MS. These EC flux data were validated through spectral analysis (i.e., co-spectrum, normalized co-spectrum, and ogive). Based on inter-comparison of the two PTR instruments, no significant instrumental biases were found in either mixing ratios or fluxes, and the data showed agreement within 5% on average for methanol and acetone. For the measured biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), the EC fluxes from PTR-TOF-MS were in agreement with the qualitatively inferred flux directions from vertical gradient measurements by PTR-MS. For the 27 selected ion species reported here, the PTR-TOF-MS measured total (24 h) mean net flux of 299 μg C m−2 h−1. The dominant BVOC emissions from this site were monoterpenes (m/z 81.070 + m/z 137.131 + m/z 95.086, 34%, 102 μg C m−2 h−1) and methanol (m/z 33.032, 18%, 72 μg C m−2 h−1). The next largest fluxes were detected at the following masses (attribution in parenthesis): m/z 59.048 (mostly acetone, 12.2%, 36.5 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 61.027 (mostly acetic acid, 11.9%, 35.7 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 93.069 (para-cymene + toluene, 4.1%, 12.2 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 45.033 (acetaldehyde, 3.8%, 11.5 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 71.048 (methylvinylketone + methacrolein, 2.4%, 7.1 μg C m−2 h−1), and m/z 69.071 (isoprene + 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol, 1.8%, 5.3 μg C m−2 h−1). Low levels of emission and/or deposition (<1.6% for each, 5.8% in total flux) were observed for the additional reported masses. Overall, our results show that EC flux measurements using PTR-TOF-MS is a powerful new tool for characterizing the biosphere-atmosphere exchange including both emission and deposition for a large range of BVOC and their oxidation products.

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Biogenic emissions from Citrus species in California

Cited by 60 publications

References 67 publications

Seasonal cycles of biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes and concentrations in a California citrus orchard

Seasonal cycles of biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes and concentrations in a California citrus orchard

On the temperature dependence of organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides, ozone production, and the impact of emission controls in San Joaquin Valley, California

Eddy covariance emission and deposition flux measurements using proton transfer reaction – time of flight – mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS): comparison with PTR-MS measured vertical gradients and fluxes

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