Biogenesis of Quantum Dots: An Update

Abstract

Quantum dots (QDs) or nanocrystals are luminous semiconductors with dimension in the range from 2 to 20 nm. Owing to the unmatched electronic and optical properties, quantum dots notice applications in various domains such as optoelectronics, sensors, photodetection, transistors, LEDs (light-emitting devices), quantum computing, solar cells, catalysis, medicine, etc. to name a few. The unique quantum effects of nanocrystals can be attuned by modifying their sizes and morphology through various top-down and bottom-up strategies. Biosynthesis or biogenesis is one such newly developed approach for nanomaterial synthesis which relies on the principles of green chemistry and employs living organisms to develop quantum dots with amiable physicochemical properties, low cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility. Biogenic methods make use of biomole-cules and enzymatic processes to detoxify, mineralize and induce nucleation of metals and non-metals to fabricate quantum dots. This review covers recent progress in the biological synthesis of quantum dots have been highlighted. Diverse extracellular and intracellular biogenic methods based on different organisms including algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protozoa, earthworms, and mammalian blood vessels have been discussed. Moreover, the probable mechanistic pathways of biosyntheses, scope, and applications of bioengineered quantum dots have also been elaborated. This review examines the recent advances made in the field of biogenic quantum dots and also analyzes the upcoming challenges and viewpoints in this promising area of study.

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