Biogenesis of Chloroplast Membranes

Goldberg, Israel; Ohad, Itzhak

doi:10.1083/jcb.44.3.563

Cited by 54 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Measurements of the relative contents of Cyt f in greening C. reinhardi y-1 cells have shown that it is present in the membrane found in dark-grown cells in rather large amounts (29,30). However, this Cyt is not photoactive unless the cells are exposed to the light from 1 to 3 hr (14). Thus, at this phase of the greening, all the Cytf becomes photoactive indicating its connection to the newly activated PSII and PSI centers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Photosystem II Complex during Greening of Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1

Malkin¹,

Shochat²,

Ohad³

1976

Plant Physiol.

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The relative content of organized pigment, active centers, and acceptor pools of photosystem II and their interconnection dunng the development of the photosynthetic membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1 have been measured using the fluorescence induction technique. The degree of connectivity and efficiency of the developing system has been assessed also from measurements of maximal rates, quantum yield, and flash yield of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol photoreduction using H20 as the electron donor. The results obtained indicate that the process of membrane development in this organism consists of two phases: an initial phase of reorganization and connection between pre-existing components, and a second phase of actual accumulation of newly formed, complete, and active units. The ratio of active centers to Chl remains practically constant throughout the process while the degree of connectivity between the active center and the plastoquinone pool was doubled during the early phase of the greening. In addition the degree of connectivity between the plastoquinone pool and the rest of the electron transport chain increases as demonstrated by a 10-to 20-fold rise in the quantum yield and a 10-fold rise in the maximal rate and the flash yield. The ratio of light harvesting Chl to active centers remains apparently constant during the second phase of the greening as indicated by light saturation experiments and by the constancy of the apparent photosynthetic unit size. Electron donation from H20 seems to develop slower than the activity of the rest of the complex as demonstrated by measurements of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol photoreduction using 1,5-diphenylcarbazide as the electron donor. The value of all the above parameters which remain constant during the second phase of the greening are comparable to those obtained with membranes of light-grown cells.The process of chloroplast membrane biogenesis has been the subject of extensive work carried out in many laboratories. The results obtained so far have been reviewed recently (5,18,28). The process of assembly of components and membrane development can be summarized as follows. The chloroplast membranes grow by progressive insertion of newly formed components within pre-existing membranes. The addition of the new components can occur simultaneously or stepwise, and in the second case can result in continuous rearrangements and organizational changes within the membrane, detected at the ultrastructural level (17) and accompanied by drastic changes in photosynthetic activity (12,27,37 (10).The development of 02 evolution activity during greening of a dark-grown Chlorella mutant has been described by Herron and Mauzerall (15) and measurements of both activation of 02 evolution and variable fluorescence during greening of another Chlorella mutant have been reported by Dubertret and Joliot (7). The data obtained by both groups indicate that in these mutants active centers connected to the electron transport chain are present in the membrane at the very beginning...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This information includes development of the membrane-bound and soluble proteins (11,30), phosphorylation (3,37), synthesis of Chl, carotenes, and membrane lipids (14), electron carriers such as Cytf (30,34), plastocyanin (10), ferredoxin, CO2 fixation cycle enzymes (30), and the underlying process of control by light of the chloroplast differentiation (28).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Photosystem II Complex during Greening of Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1

Malkin¹,

Shochat²,

Ohad³

1976

Plant Physiol.

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“…For example, since the wild type cells are capable of synthesizing chlorophyll in the dark (40), the same controls over chlorophyll and membrane polypeptide synthesis may not be apparent in the two strains. Furthermore, at the beginning of the greening process, y-I cells contain onty few membranes, and the composition of these membranes is considerably different from that of the normal green membranes (8,41,42). Therefore, the rates of synthesis of new components may reflect the demand for bringing the markedly altered composition in line with that required for a fully functional membrane.…”

Section: P Beck and R P Levine Synthesis Of Chloroplast Membranmentioning

confidence: 99%

SYNTHESIS OF CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANE POLYPEPTIDES DURING SYNCHRONOUS GROWTH OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII

Beck

Levine

1974

The Journal of Cell Biology

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The synthesis of the major chloroplast membrane polypeptides has been studied during synchronous growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Under these conditions, chlorophyll is synthesized during the latter part of the light period and cell division takes place during the dark period. The profile of the chloroplast membrane polypeptides of C. reinhardtii has been well characterized and shown to contain two major classes by size (Hoober, J. 1970. J. Biol. Chem. 245:4327). Polypeptides of group I have a mol wt range of 50,000-55,000 daltons. The second region consists of at least three polypeptide groups, IIa, lib, and IIc, having mol wt of 40,000, 31,000, and 27,000 daltons, respectively. The synthesis of these polypeptides has been measured using a doublelabeling technique and a computer-aided statistical analysis. The rate of labeling of group I polypeptides is highest during the early light period and decreases after 6 h of growth. Group IIa is labeled from the beginning of the light period, but little synthesis of lib occurs before 3 h, and significant amounts of label are not found in IIc before 5 h of growth. After approximately 8 h of light, groups lib and IIc are synthesized at rates significantly greater than those of the other membrane polypeptides. The synthesis of the major polypeptide groups ceases in the dark. We conclude that the biosynthesis of the chloroplast membranes is a sequential or stepwise process.Much information has recently become available concerning the physical properties of biological membranes. Less, however, is known about the processes of synthesis and integration of components required for the production of functional membranes, especially in eukaryotic cells. First, it is not known whether there exists an obligatory coupling of the synthesis of one or more of the proteins and lipids involved in the formation of membranes under conditions of normal cell growth, and, second, it is not known whether the association of specific lipid and protein components is required for their integration into the membrane. With regard to the first question, experiments with bacterial mutants have indicated that the synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins is closely coordinated (1-4). On the other hand, the turnover of lipids and proteins of rat liver cell endoplasmic reticulum appears to occur at different rates (5, 6), and studies with the y-I mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have shown that the ratios of various chloroplast membrane components vary during the greening process (7 9). These results sug-

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“…Various intracellular membranes, like the endoplasmic reticulum [9, lo], mitochondria [ l l ] or chloroplasts [12], have been analysed. The simple composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum and its highly specialized function offer a unique advantage for the study of its biogenesis.…”

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Changes in the Structure, Composition and Function of Sarcoplasmic-Reticulum Membrane during Development

et al. 1975

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The structure, chemical composition and function of the microsomal fraction, isolated by differential centrifugation and purified on sucrose gradients, from muscle of fetal, newborn and young rabbits were characterized and compared with those of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from adult muscle. Negative staining shows that the microsomal vesicles isolated from muscles of embryos and newborn animals are smooth, in contrast to vesicles obtained from adult muscle which contain 4‐nm particles on their surface. The particles appear first in the microsomal vesicles from muscles of 5–8‐day‐old rabbits. Their number increases with the age of the animals. Ca2+‐pump protein, with molecular weight about 100000, accounts for 10% of the total protein content in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, isolated at the earliest stages of development analysed. Its amount increases continuously with the rabbit's age to the adult value of about 70% of total sarcoplasmic reticulum protein. The low amount of 100000‐dalton protein and lack of 4‐nm surface particles in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles obtained from fetal and newborn rabbits are strictly correlated with the low activity of Ca2+‐dependent ATPase and the ability to take up Ca2+. These activities rise in parallel with the age of the rabbits. On the other hand, Mg2+‐dependent ATPase activity is very high at the early stages of development and declines continuously to a low value in sarcoplasmic reticulum from adult muscle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane from fetal and newborn rabbits contains a higher amount of lipids as compared with the membrane present in the muscle of adult animals. The ratio of both phospholipid to protein and neutral lipid to protein decreases with the age of the rabbits. The composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum phospholipid also changes during development.

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Biogenesis of Chloroplast Membranes

Cited by 54 publications

References 24 publications

Development of Photosystem II Complex during Greening of Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1

Development of Photosystem II Complex during Greening of Chlamydomonas reinhardi y-1

SYNTHESIS OF CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANE POLYPEPTIDES DURING SYNCHRONOUS GROWTH OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII

Changes in the Structure, Composition and Function of Sarcoplasmic-Reticulum Membrane during Development

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