Biogenesis and discharge of the rhoptries: Key organelles for entry and hijack of host cells by the Apicomplexa

Chaabene, Rouaa Ben; Lentini, Gaëlle; Soldati‐Favre, Dominique

doi:10.1111/mmi.14674

Cited by 65 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 135 publications

(213 reference statements)

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“…We confirmed a global increase in ropk transcription during the sporulation, as described for Plasmodium berghei [ 25 ]. We also noticed a stronger ropk gene expression in the intracellular stages of the parasite development (iSPZ, ImmSCHZ, and MatSCHZ), which might be associated with known functions of ROPK on cell invasion and intracellular development of T. gondii [ 26 , 27 ]. The co-transcription of active ROPK with either inactive or non-canonical kinases is consistent with the complex co-expression of ROPK observed in T. gondii.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Expression Patterns of Rhoptry Kinases during the Eimeria tenella Life-Cycle

et al. 2021

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Kinome from apicomplexan parasites is composed of eukaryotic protein kinases and Apicomplexa specific kinases, such as rhoptry kinases (ROPK). Ropk is a gene family that is known to play important roles in host–pathogen interaction in Toxoplasma gondii but is still poorly described in Eimeria tenella, the parasite responsible for avian coccidiosis worldwide. In the E. tenella genome, 28 ropk genes are predicted and could be classified as active (n = 7), inactive (incomplete catalytic triad, n = 12), and non-canonical kinases (active kinase with a modified catalytic triad, n = 9). We characterized the ropk gene expression patterns by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, normalized by parasite housekeeping genes, during the E. tenella life-cycle. Analyzed stages were: non-sporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts, extracellular and intracellular sporozoites, immature and mature schizonts I, first- and second-generation merozoites, and gametes. Transcription of all those predicted ropk was confirmed. The mean intensity of transcription was higher in extracellular stages and 7–9 ropk were specifically transcribed in merozoites in comparison with sporozoites. Transcriptional profiles of intracellular stages were closely related to each other, suggesting a probable common role of ROPKs in hijacking signaling pathways and immune responses in infected cells. These results provide a solid basis for future functional analysis of ROPK from E. tenella.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Expression Patterns of Rhoptry Kinases during the Eimeria tenella Life-Cycle

et al. 2021

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“…Recent findings have highlighted how apicomplexan parasites repurposed their endosomal system for the biogenesis of apical organelles, including rhoptries [27]. For more exhaustive reviews on the biogenesis of secretory organelles in Toxoplasma, and on factors important for their organization and apical positioning, see [26,[28][29][30].…”

Section: Glossarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the Elusive Rhoptry Exocytic Mechanism of Apicomplexa

Sparvoli

Lebrun

2021

Trends in Parasitology

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“…The rhoptries are club-shaped membrane bound organelles with a duct at the apical end of the parasite. As the parasite enters the host cell, the contents of the rhoptries are discharged [ 77 ]. The rhoptry is divided into the neck region and the bulb region and different proteins with different functions segregate to these different sub-compartments of the rhoptry [ 77 , 78 ].…”

Section: Apicomplexa and Apical Organellesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the parasite enters the host cell, the contents of the rhoptries are discharged [ 77 ]. The rhoptry is divided into the neck region and the bulb region and different proteins with different functions segregate to these different sub-compartments of the rhoptry [ 77 , 78 ]. Proteins from the rhoptry neck are required for invasion and participate in the formation of the glideosome and moving junction [ 77 ].…”

Section: Apicomplexa and Apical Organellesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rhoptry is divided into the neck region and the bulb region and different proteins with different functions segregate to these different sub-compartments of the rhoptry [ 77 , 78 ]. Proteins from the rhoptry neck are required for invasion and participate in the formation of the glideosome and moving junction [ 77 ]. The bulb of the rhoptry contains membranous material that participates in the formation of the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) as well as modifying the parasitophorous vacuole [ 79 ].…”

Section: Apicomplexa and Apical Organellesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unique Endomembrane Systems and Virulence in Pathogenic Protozoa

Wiser

2021

Life

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Virulence in pathogenic protozoa is often tied to secretory processes such as the expression of adhesins on parasite surfaces or the secretion of proteases to assisted in tissue invasion and other proteins to avoid the immune system. This review is a broad overview of the endomembrane systems of pathogenic protozoa with a focus on Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, kinetoplastids, and apicomplexans. The focus is on unique features of these protozoa and how these features relate to virulence. In general, the basic elements of the endocytic and exocytic pathways are present in all protozoa. Some of these elements, especially the endosomal compartments, have been repurposed by the various species and quite often the repurposing is associated with virulence. The Apicomplexa exhibit the most unique endomembrane systems. This includes unique secretory organelles that play a central role in interactions between parasite and host and are involved in the invasion of host cells. Furthermore, as intracellular parasites, the apicomplexans extensively modify their host cells through the secretion of proteins and other material into the host cell. This includes a unique targeting motif for proteins destined for the host cell. Most notable among the apicomplexans is the malaria parasite, which extensively modifies and exports numerous proteins into the host erythrocyte. These modifications of the host erythrocyte include the formation of unique membranes and structures in the host erythrocyte cytoplasm and on the erythrocyte membrane. The transport of parasite proteins to the host erythrocyte involves several unique mechanisms and components, as well as the generation of compartments within the erythrocyte that participate in extraparasite trafficking.

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Biogenesis and discharge of the rhoptries: Key organelles for entry and hijack of host cells by the Apicomplexa

Cited by 65 publications

References 135 publications

Genome-Wide Expression Patterns of Rhoptry Kinases during the Eimeria tenella Life-Cycle

Genome-Wide Expression Patterns of Rhoptry Kinases during the Eimeria tenella Life-Cycle

Unraveling the Elusive Rhoptry Exocytic Mechanism of Apicomplexa

Unique Endomembrane Systems and Virulence in Pathogenic Protozoa

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