Biogenesis and delivery of extracellular vesicles: harnessing the power of EVs for diagnostics and therapeutics

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles secreted by a variety of cell types. These vesicles encapsulate a diverse range of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites, and even organelles derived from their parental cells. While EVs have emerged as crucial mediators of intercellular communication, they also hold immense potential as both biomarkers and therapeutic agents for numerous diseases. A thorough understanding of EV biogenesis is crucial for the development of EV-based diagnostic developments since the composition of EVs can reflect the health and disease status of the donor cell. Moreover, when EVs are taken up by target cells, they can exert profound effects on gene expression, signaling pathways, and cellular behavior, which makes these biomolecules enticing targets for therapeutic interventions. Yet, despite decades of research, the intricate processes underlying EV biogenesis by donor cells and subsequent uptake by recipient cells remain poorly understood. In this review, we aim to summarize current insights and advancements in the biogenesis and uptake mechanisms of EVs. By shedding light on the fundamental mechanisms governing EV biogenesis and delivery, this review underscores the potential of basic mechanistic research to pave the way for developing novel diagnostic strategies and therapeutic applications.

Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design

“…The assay is performed using exosomes engineered to vectorize a transcription factor which enables the expression of a reporter gene upon its intracellular delivery [ 88 ]. Thanks to this demonstration, the ability of exosomes to deliver their protein content has been assessed and is regularly reviewed [ 89 ]. Similarly, it has been shown that small RNAs and miRNAs carried by exosomes can be transferred into recipient cells.…”

Unlocking The Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Application

“…In conclusion, understanding the mechanisms underlying EVmediated communication is crucial for harnessing their full potential in therapeutic interventions and diagnostic applications across various health conditions. 10,11 The various importance of EVs in intercellular communication are mentioned in Figure 1.…”

“…Exosomes play essential roles in various physiological processes, including immune regulation, tissue homeostasis, and neuronal communication. 26,27 In the context of disease, exosomes derived from cancer cells contribute to tumor progression and metastasis by facilitating communication within the tumor microenvironment and influencing recipient cells in distant organs. Conversely, exosomes derived from stem cells exhibit regenerative properties and can promote tissue repair and regeneration.…”

“…This review aims to explore EVs' therapeutic and diagnostic potential, elucidating their role in revolutionizing medical approaches toward addressing complex health challenges. 2,3…”