Biofunctionalization of UHMWPE Polymer and Its Application in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Abstract

The selection of biomaterials for biomedical application is a significant challenge. In the last few decades, various bioabsorbable and stable biopolymers have been applied for use as biomedical devices in orthopedic applications. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been extensively used in medical implants, notably in the bearings of hip, knee, and other joint prostheses, owing to its biocompatibility and high wear resistance. For the ACL graft, synthetic UHMWPE is an ideal candidate due to its biocompatibility and its extremely high tensile strength. Despite the appeal of new advanced materials such as carbon fiber, poly-ether-ether ketone, and other load-bearing materials, UHMWPE remains a primary load-bearing candidate material for ACL reconstructions because of its extremely high strength, the simplicity of the fabrication process, its biocompatibility, and low friction. However, some significant problems are observed in UHMWPE based implants, such as wear debris, and oxidative degradation due to the generation of free radicals when exposed to irradiation with gamma rays for grafting or sterilization. Various innovative methodologies have been developed to resolve those problems and enhance the properties of UHMWPE. In this review, we will explore in detail the methods for surface functionalization of UHMWPE and will apply these findings to the case study of UHMWPE for Anterior Cruciate Ligament repair.

Medical-grade ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene: Past, current and future

“…In the last few years, the polymer has been used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction [26,27]. In fibre form, it can be used for braided sutures [23].…”

Development and assessment of biologically compatible anterior cruciate ligament using braided ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene

“…Sa et al 3 attempted to modify the surface of UHMWPE fiber with bioinspired polydopamine deposition and epoxy grafting and found improved surface activity and adhesion properties. Similarly, plasma and gamma irradiation have been tried by several authors 4 . Vaquette et al 5 have seen the improved osteointegration of the graft when its surface was modified with polystyrene sodium sulfonate.…”

“…Similarly, plasma and gamma irradiation have been tried by several authors. 4 Vaquette et al 5 have seen the improved osteointegration of the graft when its surface was modified with polystyrene sodium sulfonate. Electrospinning method was adopted by Anindyajati et al 6 to develop composite UHMWPE-PCL-Bioglass.…”