Biofunctional Activities of Equisetum ramosissimum Extract: Protective Effects against Oxidation, Melanoma, and Melanogenesis

Abstract

Equisetum ramosissimum, a genus of Equisetaceae, is a medicinal plant that can be separated into ethyl acetate (EA), dichloromethane (DM), n-hexane (Hex), methanol (MeOH), and water extracts. EA extract was known to have potent antioxidative properties, reducing power, DPPH scavenging activity, and metal ion chelating activity. This study compared these five extracts in terms of their inhibiting effects on three human malignant melanomas: A375, A375.S2, and A2058. MTT assay presented the notion that both EA and DM extracts inhibited melanoma growth but did not affect the viabilities of normal dermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) or fibroblasts. Western blot analyses showed that both EA and DM extracts induced overexpression of caspase proteins in all three melanomas. To determine their roles in melanogenesis, this study analyzed their in vitro suppressive effects on mushroom tyrosinase. All extracts except for water revealed moderate suppressive effects. None of the extracts affected B16-F10 cells proliferation. EA extract inhibited cellular melanin production whereas DM extract unexpectedly enhanced cellular pigmentation in B16-F10 cells. Data for modulations of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and tyrosinase-related protein 2 showed that EA extract inhibited protein expression mentioned above whereas DM extract had the opposite effect. Overall, the experiments indicated that the biofunctional activities of EA extract contained in food and cosmetics protect against oxidation, melanoma, and melanin production.

Antioxidative and Antimelanoma Effects of Various Tea Extracts via a Green Extraction Method

“…The ultraviolet (UV) rays are one of the known causes of melanoma [6]. Our skin has the ability to protect us from exterior factors, controls body temperature, and stores water and fat.…”

“…For assays of the reducing power ability of the extract, different concentrations ranges of each tea extract were mixed with 85 L of 67 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and 2.5 L of 20% K 3 Fe(CN) 6 to investigate the reducing powers of the extracts. The mixture was kept at 50 ∘ C for 20 min and centrifuged for 10 min at 3,000 .…”

Effects of a nutritional supplement in dogs affected by osteoarthritis

“…Equisetum arvense and Lentinus edodes are probably responsible for the improvement of BAP associated with the decrease in d-ROMs in the experimental group as compared to C. Experimental outcomes reported byLi et al (2016) showed that Equisetum spp. is considered an antioxidant ingredient due to its ability to reduce free radical chain reactions.…”

Reversing UVB‐induced photoaging with Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract

“…In the current studies it was demonstrated that the accumulation of ROS decreased organism salubrity because the oxidative damage was a contributor to the senescence . Aging is a natural process for everyone, evoking various diseases, and skin is highly responsive to photo‐aging due to oxidative stress created by ROS . Reactive oxygen species induced by UVB damage to cellular DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids in theory contributes to the physiology of aging.…”

“…1,2 Aging is a natural process for everyone, evoking various diseases, and skin is highly responsive to photo-aging due to oxidative stress created by ROS. 5 Reactive oxygen species induced by UVB damage to cellular DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids in theory contributes to the physiology of aging. Due to skin aging caused by internal and external factors, most people have more than one skin disorder after the age of 65 years.…”