Biofuels and their potential to aid the UK towards achieving emissions reduction policy targets

Acquaye, Adolf; Sherwen, Tomás; Genovese, Andrea; Kuylenstierna, Johan; Koh, SC Lenny; McQueen‐Mason, Simon J.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.046

Cited by 52 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Integration of the two methods via a hybrid method augments the specificity of process LCA with the inclusivity of EIO 31,35,[41][42][43] ; hence hybrid LCA models can be implemented in practice to broaden the system boundary whilst complying with ISO standards. 41,44 In the hybrid LCA system, process LCA is interlinked with the complete supply chain system boundary provided by EIO model, which captures the entire economic supply chain along with its sectorial changes and production and consumption patterns.…”

Section: -40mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29,37 However, the method suffer from a number of well-recognised limitations, including proportionality and homogeneity assumption, conversion of economic quantities into physical quantities and less specific due to aggregation of a range of activities in one sector. [36][37][38][39][40] Integration of the two methods via a hybrid method augments the specificity of process LCA with the inclusivity of EIO 31,35,[41][42][43] ; hence hybrid LCA models can be implemented in practice to broaden the system boundary whilst complying with ISO standards. 41,44 In the hybrid LCA system, process LCA is interlinked with the complete supply chain system boundary provided by EIO model, which captures the entire economic supply chain along with its sectorial changes and production and consumption patterns.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Ibn‐Mohammed

Koh

Reaney

et al. 2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

124

152

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The increasing awareness of the environmental and health threats of lead as well as environmental legislation, both in the EU and around the world targeted at decreasing the use of hazardous substances in electrical appliances and products has reinvigorated the race to develop lead-free alternatives to lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which presently dominates the market for piezoelectric materials. Emphasis has been placed on one of the most likely piezoelectric materials, potassium sodium niobate (KNN), as a lead-free replacement for PZT. KNN has been speculated to have better environmental credentials and is considered as a "greener" replacement to PZT. However, a comparative environmental impact assessment of the life cycle phases of KNN versus PZT piezoelectric materials has not been carried out. Such a life cycle assessment is crucial before any valid claims of "greenness" or environmental viability of one material over the other can be made and is the focus of this paper. Against this backdrop, a methodologically robust life cycle supply chain assessment based on integrated hybrid life cycle framework is undertaken within the context of the two piezoelectric materials. Results show that the presence of niobium in KNN constitutes far greater impact across all the 16 categories considered in comparison with PZT. The increased environmental impact of KNN occurs in the early stages of the LCA due to raw material extraction and processing. As a result, the environmental damage has already occurred before its use in piezoelectric applications during which it doesn't constitute any threat. As such, the use of the term "environmentally friendly" for the description of KNN should be avoided. Cost-benefit analysis of substituting PZT with KNN also indicates that the initial cost of conversion to KNN is greater, especially for energy usage during production. This environmental assessment has allowed us to define and address environmental health and safety as well as sustainability issues that are essential for future development of these materials. Overall, this work demonstrates insightful findings that can be garnered through the application of life cycle assessment and supply chain management to a strategic engineering question which allows industries and policy makers to make informed decisions regarding the environmental consequences of substitute materials, designs, fabrication processes and usage. IntroductionIn recent times, there has been a drive to develop new piezoelectric materials for a wide range of applications with properties comparable with lead zirconate titanate (Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 , PZT). One main driver has been the growing awareness of the environmental impact and health concerns due to the toxicity of lead [1][2][3][4][5][6] which has led to existing environmental legislations and restrictions both in the EU and across the globe under the auspices of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directives which concern the reduction of the...

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Section: -40mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Ibn‐Mohammed

Koh

Reaney

et al. 2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

124

152

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The absence of a controlled waste management chain allowed to illegally dispose a great amount of WEEEs and the low level of collected wastes, as evidenced in Section 2, represented a brake to the development of the recycling sector. Only through Directives and national governments decisions was possible to make producers responsible for their own products, by determining a great gear shift, to which it must be added the awareness that wastes are now seen as a resource and no more as issues [55][56][57][58]. Trying to summarizesummarise the results obtained by the sensitivity analysis, Table 9 propose many different scenarios:…”

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confidence: 99%

Recycling of WEEEs: An economic assessment of present and future e-waste streams

Cucchiella

D’Adamo

Koh

et al. 2015

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

662

315

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Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipments (WEEEs) is currently considered to be one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world, with an estimated growth rate going from 3% up to 5% per year. The recycling of Electric or electronic waste (E-waste) products could allow the diminishing use of virgin resources in manufacturing and, consequently, it could contribute in reducing the environmental pollution. Given that EU is trying, since the last two decades, to develop a circular economy based on the exploitation of resources recovered by wastes, a comprehensive framework supporting the decision-making process of multi-WEEE recycling centres will be analysed in thispaper. An economic assessment will define the potential revenues coming from the recovery of fourteen14 e-products (e.g. LCD notebooks, LED notebooks, CRT TVs, LCD TVs, LED TVs, CRT monitors, LCD monitors, LED monitors, cell phones, smart phones, PV panels, HDDs, SSDs and tablets) on the base of current and future disposed volumes in Europe. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis will be used to test the impact of some critical variables (e.g. price of recovered materials, input materials composition, degree of purity obtained by the recycling process, volumes generated, and percentage of collected waste) on specific economic indexes. A discussion of the economic assessment results shows the main challenges in the recycling sector and streamlines some concrete solutions.

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“…But most of professional papers discuss topics on the theme of emissions, which are generated during biofuels combustion, their impact on the environment (Gasparatos et al, 2011;Acquaye et al, 2012;Liaquat et al, 2010) or problematic of biofuels production (Nigama et al, 2011). Currently purity of biofuels is not o en discussed topic.…”

Section: Valach Michal Mareček Jan Hlaváčová Zuzana Trávníček Petrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of impurities in biofuels with use of particle size analyzer

Valach

Mareček

Hlaváčová

et al. 2013

Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun.

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VALACH MICHAL, MAREČEK JAN, HLAVÁČOVÁ ZUZANA, TRÁVNÍČEK PETR, GLOS JOSEF:Determination of impurities in biofuels with use of particle size analyzer. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2013, LXI, No. 3, pp. 813-817 One of the qualitative parameter of biofuel is purity. Measurement of purity of biofuels is very important. The reason is that the number and size of particles infl uence an engine life. However number and size of various particles have infl uence on the hydrodynamics and rheologic properties. In the fi rst part of the paper is introduced the description of tested fuels, the method of measuring of number particles and size particles with use particle size analyzer Laser-Net Fines-C (LNF-C). In the second part of this paper results of measurements are stated. The results are compared and evaluated. Two kinds of fuels was tested -biofuels and traditional fuels. Pure rapeseed methyl ester and various mixtures of traditional diesels and rapeseed methyl ester represented Biofuels. Bioethanol was the next tested biofuels. Traditional diesels were the second group of tested fuels. particle analyses, particle counter, purity of biofuels Impurities in biofuels have the origin in several sources. At fi rst it is mechanical impurities (dust, abrasion) or products of chemical degradation of biofuels. If biofuels have high content of impurities, combustion process in an engine has worse running. The change of hydrodynamic behaviour of fuels or the change of rheological properties can be consequence too. In case that this factors concatenate, failure or accident of an engine an arise soon. The state of cleanliness in process can be monitored by detailed, accurate and periodic analysis of impurities in biofuels. For this purpose must be used simple device, which is not demanding in operation or maintenance. And samples need not complicated preparation. Impurities in biofuels are all foreign substances such as gases, liquids or solid particles. Sources of impurities are separated to four basic groups. Various complicated and exact methods we use for demanding of impurities total content. These methods are gravimetric method (fi ltering and weighing on the membrane fi lter), curing method and subsequent weighing, method of counting particles, which are collected on the fi lter with using of an automated optical microscope or method with using automatic particle counter.Currently liquid biofuels are o en discussed topic. But most of professional papers discuss topics on the theme of emissions, which are generated during biofuels combustion, their impact on the environment (Gasparatos et al., 2011;Acquaye et al., 2012;Liaquat et al., 2010) or problematic of biofuels production (Nigama et al., 2011). Currently purity of biofuels is not o en discussed topic. The aim of this work is evaluation of purity and free water of selected liquid fuels sample with using of automatic laser particle counter and classifi er Laser-Net Fines-C (LNF-C) and their comparing. MATERIALS AND METH...

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Biofuels and their potential to aid the UK towards achieving emissions reduction policy targets

Cited by 52 publications

References 24 publications

Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

Recycling of WEEEs: An economic assessment of present and future e-waste streams

Determination of impurities in biofuels with use of particle size analyzer

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