Biofuel production by liquefaction of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) biomass

High conversions of miscanthus using sub- and supercritical water above 400°C

“…This ratio was chosen to ensure the water pressure at 460 • C was not excessive. The anhydrous run at 460 • C gave 20 wt.% of generated water slightly lower to that at 410 • C. Overall conversion increased with temperature from 75 wt.% at 380 • C (210 bar) to 78-80 wt.% at 410 • C (250 bar) and 460 • C (305 bar), consistent with previous work [29]. The high gas yield of ∼38 wt.% recorded at 460 • C resulted in decreased of liquid yield due to the further thermal decomposition of liquid products taking place [30].…”

Bio-oil production from oil palm biomass via subcritical and supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction

“…As the liquefaction experiments involved subcritical and supercritical water, suitable temperature range of 330-390 • C was chosen as high temperatures (above 400 • C) will increase the dominance of gasification reaction [6]. The pressure range of 25-35 MPa was chosen since it is above the critical pressure of water (22.1 MPa) to ensure that water is in the subcritical and supercritical state [21].…”

“…The production of bio-oil via liquefaction of various feedstocks, such as sewage, livestock manure, algae, domestic and agricultural wastes has been reported in the literature [7,8]. Compared to pyrolysis technology, liquefaction usually occurs at a lower temperature (about 250-400 • C) and higher pressure (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), depending on the solvent used in the liquefaction process. In contrast to pyrolysis process in which biomass decomposes thermolytically via de-polymerization http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2014.…”

“…During liquefaction, the complex structure of biomass is decomposed by utilizing a heated and pressurized solvent, thus producing liquid products [6]. The bio-oil is then produced from the raw liquid products using solvent extraction.…”

Liquefaction of Fir Sawdust in Supercritical Ethanol with Dissolved Phosphotungstic Acid

“…The strong absorbance at 2915 cm -1 , attributed to the C-H stretching vibrations, indicates the presence of methyl and methylene groups (Brand et al 2013). The typical carbonyl group (C=O) stretching vibrations at 1732 cm -1 in the sample show the characteristic absorption peak of hemicellulose (Meryemoğlu et al 2014). Aromatic skeletal vibrations originating from lignin are confirmed by aromatic C=C stretching at 1614, 1510, and 1425 cm -1 (Aysu and Küçük 2013).…”