Biofouling research needs for the United States Navy: Program history and goals

Alberte, Randall S.; Snyder, Stephen; Zahuranec, Bernard J.; Whetstone, Marc

doi:10.1080/08927019209386214

Cited by 80 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…The United States Navy has a vested interest in understanding underwater biological adhesion and has supported a longterm research program aimed at the development of technology to achieve its prevention. For the past 12 years, research directed by the Office of Naval Research has been focused on development of coating systems that interfere with the attachment and adhesion of marine invertebrates through nontoxic means [1]. One promising technology has been the use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Barnacle Detachment from Silicones using High-Speed Video

Kavanagh

Quinn

Swain

2005

The Journal of Adhesion

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The detachment of barnacles (under shear and tensile loads) from silicone was investigated with the aid of high-speed digital video recording. A handheld probe was used to apply loads to the shells of barnacles attached to three clear siliconeelastomer coatings of known thickness applied to glass plates. The tests were performed in the laboratory in air and underwater. Representative data are presented as a qualitative description of separation at the barnacle adhesive-silicone interface. Detailed examination of adhesive separation during detachment provided new insight into the nature of a marine biological adhesive on a low modulus, artificial surface. The visible response of the barnacle adhesive on silicone under external shear and tensile loading was suggestive of the viscous fingering seen in Saffman-Taylor instabilities. Complex branching separation occurred in rapid progression, usually within 100 ms. The results suggest that the barnacle adhesive exhibits rheological responses of a viscous material at the interface with silicone surfaces. Additional experiments with time-lapse photography demonstrated that the adhesive was stable underwater but became dehydrated or coalesced when exposed directly to air. A simple model of the adhesive system of a barnacle in contact with silicone based upon Balanus eburneus is proposed to assist in the development of a more complete understanding of barnacle adhesion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Barnacle Detachment from Silicones using High-Speed Video

Kavanagh

Quinn

Swain

2005

The Journal of Adhesion

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“…We envision practical application ing of marine communities (Sutherland 1978, Under-of our results in testing procedures for control of foulwood & Fairweather 1989) and alters the performance ing in seawater intakes. and efficiency of manmade installations (Costlow & Tipper 1984, Sasikumar et al 1989, Alberte et al 1992.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrofouling in unidirectional flow:miniature pipes as experimental models for studying the effects of hydrodynamics on invertebrate larval settlement

Qian¹,

Rittschof²,

Sreedhar³

et al. 1999

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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ABSTRACT. Intake pipes are unique habitats that provide an experimental environment for studylng the role of hydrodynamics and larval settlement in community development. In this study, we used 5 and 10 nun [lnner diameter) tubes as experimental models to mimic intake pipe environments to study the settlement patterns at d f e r e n t flow rates of the bryozoan Bugula neritina, the polychaete Hydroldes elegans, and barnacles of the genus Balanus. Clean, unfilmed PVC tubes were used to examine settlement of B. neritina. PVC tubes, on which biofilm had been allowed to develop for 48 h, were used for studylng attachment of H. elegans, while clean tubes were used for investigating settlement of Balanus spp. In all but very low flows, the flow velocity and Keynolds number were poorly correlated with patterns of larval settlement. A hydrodynamic measure, which is theoretically independent of the size of the tube, the so called 'velocity gradient', was well correlated with the highest settlement for all 3 species. Comparisons of results from field and laboratory experiments reveal slight differences. Settlement of the small elongate larvae of H. elegans was offset to higher shear values in the tubes of smaller diameters. Flow velocities for the highest settlement were from 1 to 3 cm S-' for B. nerltlna and H. elegans, and from 3 to 15 cm S-' for barnacles. Velocity gradients for the highest settlement of tubeworms and bryozoans ranged from 8 to 25 S-', while those for barnacles ranged from 50 to 120 S-' Barnacles, as reported previously by other authors, did not settle in high numbers when velocity gradients were too low or too high. Barnacles did not settle at <30 S-' velocity gradients. Although the optimal velocity gradient (approx. 20 S-') for settlement of B. nentina was much lower than that for barnacles, some B. neritina settled at velocity gradients of >400 S-'. H. elegans had the narrowest range of settlement in relation to flow as settlement of this species was the highest from 8 to 20 S-' and hardly occurred above 200 S-' In general, larval settlement in response to flow is species specific. We suggest that this species specificity is related to larval morphology, swimming ability, and behavior.

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“…Also, bacterial biofilms can be utilized to promote the attachment of other organisms in the aquaculture of invertebrates (10). In marine and estuarine environments, irreversible attachment and the subsequent growth of bacteria on surfaces can affect the attachment of other organisms, often leading to the fouling of heat exchangers, ship hulls, and other synthetic surfaces (2,18,23). As a result, the study of bacterial adhesion and the effects of substratum surface properties has received considerable attention.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial adhesion to hydroxyl- and methyl-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers

Wiencek

Fletcher

1995

J Bacteriol

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The attachment of bacteria to solid surfaces is influenced by substratum chemistry, but to determine the mechanistic basis of this relationship, homogeneous, well-defined substrata are required. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were constructed from alkanethiols to produce a range of substrata with different exposed functional groups, i.e., methyl and hydroxyl groups and a series of mixtures of the two. Percentages of hydroxyl groups in the SAMs and substratum wettability were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angles of water and hexadecane, respectively. SAMs exhibited various substratum compositions and wettabilities, ranging from hydrophilic, hydroxyl-terminated monolayers to hydrophobic, methyl-terminated monolayers. The kinetics of attachment of an estuarine bacterium to these surfaces in a laminar flow chamber were measured over periods of 120 min. The initial rate of net adhesion, the number of cells attached after 120 min, the percentage of attached cells that adsorbed or desorbed between successive measurements, and the residence times of attached cells were quantified by phase-contrast microscopy and digital image processing. The greatest numbers of attached cells occurred on hydrophobic surfaces, because (i) the initial rates of adhesion and the mean numbers of cells that attached after 120 min increased with the methyl content of the SAM and the contact angle of water and (ii) the percentage of cells that desorbed between successive measurements (ca. 2 min) decreased with increasing substratum hydrophobicity. With all surfaces, 60 to 80% of the cells that desorbed during the 120-min exposure period had residence times of less than 10 min, suggesting that establishment of firm adhesion occurred quickly on all of the test surfaces.The consequences of bacterial adhesion to nonbiological surfaces can be beneficial or deleterious depending on the situation. Bioreactor and biofilter systems rely on the adhesion and growth of bacterial cells on support materials for effective operation (4). Also, bacterial biofilms can be utilized to promote the attachment of other organisms in the aquaculture of invertebrates (10). In marine and estuarine environments, irreversible attachment and the subsequent growth of bacteria on surfaces can affect the attachment of other organisms, often leading to the fouling of heat exchangers, ship hulls, and other synthetic surfaces (2, 18, 23). As a result, the study of bacterial adhesion and the effects of substratum surface properties has received considerable attention.Although the forces involved in bacterial adhesion are not fully understood, it is evident from numerous studies of different systems that substratum wettability is an important factor in bacterial adhesion (9, 12, 13, 26), as well as in protein adsorption (33) and the attachment of eukaryotic cells (21, 39). Many studies of bacterial adhesion and substratum wettability have utilized different materials, e.g., glass, metals, and polymers, to represent substrata with different wettabilities...

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Biofouling research needs for the United States Navy: Program history and goals

Cited by 80 publications

References 0 publications

Observations of Barnacle Detachment from Silicones using High-Speed Video

Observations of Barnacle Detachment from Silicones using High-Speed Video

Macrofouling in unidirectional flow:miniature pipes as experimental models for studying the effects of hydrodynamics on invertebrate larval settlement

Bacterial adhesion to hydroxyl- and methyl-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers

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