Biofouling detection based on image processing technique

A Technological Understanding of Biofilm Detection Techniques: A Review

“…These particles are transported to the surface using gravitational force, fluid dynamics, and Brownian motion [ 7 , 14 ]. The formation of a conditioning layer strongly affects the physical-chemical properties of the surface such as the surface charge (electrokinetics) and the hydrophobicity of the surface [ 6 , 15 ]. Hereafter, microorganisms are transported from the fluid to the conditioned surface.…”

“…Hereafter, microorganisms are transported from the fluid to the conditioned surface. Equal to the transportation of organic and inorganic material to form the conditioning layer, the forces that cause the transportation of microorganisms to the conditioned surface are gravitational force, fluid dynamics, and Brownian motion [ 15 ]. However, due to the formation of the conditioning layer, the properties of the surface have changed and interactions between the surface and microorganisms occur [ 6 ]; this attachment between the cell and substrate is termed cohesion [ 10 ].…”

“…Different kinds of biological objects, in this case, different types of biofilm, have different spectral characteristics. In the article by Griskin et al (2017), the proposed method obtained several images in the V&NIR spectral bands using a digital photo camera [15]. Hereafter, these images were analyzed by comparing them with well-known groups of vegetation indexes such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced normalized difference vegetation index (ENDVI).…”

“…Due to the wide variety of industries affected by the problem of biofouling, many different biofilm detection techniques have been developed throughout the past decades [ 9 ]. Two examples of such detection techniques and their application are (1) the visible and near-infrared processing technique (V&NIR), which is used to detect biofilm on monuments [ 15 ] and is based upon the properties of biological material to differently absorb and reflect light in different spectral bands [ 15 ], and (2) the cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart, which detects biofilms within heat exchangers by the slope change of the heat transfer resistance value (Rf) [ 16 ]. These are two examples of detection techniques that have not been applied to detect biofilms in bioreactors; however, there are also detection techniques that have been applied in bioreactors.…”

Enhanced Clean-In-Place Monitoring Using Ultraviolet Induced Fluorescence and Neural Networks

“…In order to enhance imaging (spatial assessment of specimens) a range of filters have been implemented to better differentiate between the different emission spectra from various chemical structures present [ 15 ], although this has the requirement of a mechanical filter change which extends sensing time. A more simple method of image analysis has been described which utilises the red, green and blue (RGB) components of a color image captured by either a Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) or Charged Coupled Device (CCD) sensor [ 16 , 17 ].…”