Biofouling and its control in a tropical coastal power station: A case study

Greening of the coasts: a review of the Perna viridis success story

“…Consequently, the larvae do not settle inside the system, but return to the sea along with the outgoing water (Rajagopal et al 1991b). Lower concentrations of chlorine ( \0.5 mg l )1 ) are known to produce changes in swimming and crawling behaviour of mussel larvae (Jenner et al 1998).…”

“…Often, it is prudent to adopt suitable preventive measures to avoid or reduce the intensity of mussel fouling, rather than to get rid of it, after the mussels established themselves within the cooling circuits. This is because prevention of settlement by young green mussels can be achieved at much lower biocide levels than that required for killing attached adult populations (Rajagopal et al 1991b). Accordingly, the developed methods are based on continuous dosing of chlorine, which creates an environment inside the cooling circuit that is unattractive to the incoming larvae (Rajagopal et al 1991a).…”

“…P. canaliculus and P. picta are geographically restricted to New Zealand and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. However, the other two species enjoy wide distribution in several parts of the world (Siddall 1980;Vakily 1989;Hicks et al 2001) and often co-exist (Rajagopal et al , 1991b(Rajagopal et al , 1998b. They have been vigorously invading new geographical regions (Hicks and Tunnell 1993).…”

Biofouling in Cooling Water Intake Systems: Ecological Aspects

“…Several incidents of plant shutdown due to fouling have been reported from various parts of the world (Imbro and Gianelli 1982 ;Rains et al 1984 ;Neitzel et al 1986 ;Rajagopal 1991Rajagopal , 2010Sasikumar 1991 ;Claudi and Mackie 1994 ) . The number of studies on biofouling of coastal electrical power plants is few (Hoshiai 1964 ;Collins 1968 ;Board and Holmes 1972 ;Relini et al 1980 ;Brankevich et al 1988 ;Rajagopal et al 1991aRajagopal et al , 1991bRajagopal et al , 1996Rajagopal et al , 2006a and most of these studies relate to problems encountered in temperate waters. Moreover, detailed studies on the community structure of biofouling assemblages and other ecological parameters such as growth rate and settlement are lacking (Rajagopal et al 2006b ) .…”

“…Biofouling-induced problems in power plants roughly fall under four categories: (1) blockage of free fl ow of water in the cooling conduits and consequent mechanical damage to pumps; (2) clogging of condenser tubes; (3) reduction in heat transfer effi ciency across heat exchanger surfaces and (4) acceleration of corrosion (WHOI 1952 ;Fischer et al 1984 ;Neitzel et al 1984 ;Nair 1990 ;Rajagopal et al 1991aRajagopal et al , 1991bRajagopal et al , 1995Rajagopal et al , 2006a . The fouling also has potential to affect raw water systems including backup cooling loops provided for safety-related cooling systems in nuclear power plants (Neitzel et al 1984 ) .…”