Biofluid spectroscopic disease diagnostics: A review on the processes and spectral impact of drying

Cameron, James M.; Butler, Holly J.; Palmer, David Scott; Baker, Matthew J.

doi:10.1002/jbio.201700299

Cited by 80 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(150 reference statements)

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“…Due to a high contribution of water in IR spectra, the most common protocol for the analysis of biofluids is the drying of drop deposits. It has been shown by optical and spectroscopic assessments that this dry‐drop procedure, referenced in the literature as the coffee‐ring effect , is not homogenous . In order to decrease the impact of this phenomenon, a study has recommended performing a high throughput‐Fourier transform infrared (HT‐FTIR) spectroscopy macroanalysis on a film composed of picoliter drops obtained by an automated sampling in combination with vacuum drying .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating pre‐analytical requirements for serum and plasma based infrared spectro‐diagnostic

Lovergne

Bouzy

et al. 2019

Journal of Biophotonics

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Infrared spectroscopy is a rapid, easy‐to‐operate, label‐free and therefore cost‐effective technique. Many studies performed on biofluids (eg, serum, plasma, urine, sputum, bile and cerebrospinal fluid) have demonstrated its promising application as a clinical diagnostic tool. Given all these characteristics, infrared spectroscopy appears to be an ideal candidate to be implemented into the clinics. However, before considering its translation, a clear effort is needed to standardise protocols for biofluid spectroscopic analysis. To reach this goal, careful investigations to identify and track errors that can occur during the pre‐analytical phase is a crucial step. Here, we report for the first time, results of investigations into pre‐analytical factors that can affect the quality of the spectral data acquired on serum and plasma, such as the impact of long‐term freezing time storage of samples as well as the month‐to‐month reproducibility of the spectroscopic analysis. The spectral data discrimination has revealed to be majorly impacted by a residual water content variation in serum and plasma dried samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating pre‐analytical requirements for serum and plasma based infrared spectro‐diagnostic

Lovergne

Bouzy

et al. 2019

Journal of Biophotonics

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“…A recent review article 71 discusses spectroscopy of droplets, and makes conclusions regarding the optimal conditions, suggesting using "a diluted aliquot of serum (1 μL) spotted on a smooth, flat and homogeneous surface, at an elevated temperature or high humidity in order to result in a more uniformly spread sample, with a faster drying time".…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning Analysis for Quantitative Discrimination of Dried Blood Droplets

Hamadeh

Imran

Bencsik

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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One of the most interesting and everyday natural phenomenon is the formation of different patterns after the evaporation of liquid droplets on a solid surface. the analysis of dried patterns from blood droplets has recently gained a lot of attention, experimentally and theoretically, due to its potential application in diagnostic medicine and forensic science. this paper presents evidence that images of dried blood droplets have a signature revealing the exhaustion level of the person, and discloses an entirely novel approach to studying human dried blood droplet patterns. We took blood samples from 30 healthy young male volunteers before and after exhaustive exercise, which is well known to cause large changes to blood chemistry. We objectively and quantitatively analysed 1800 images of dried blood droplets, developing sophisticated image processing analysis routines and optimising a multivariate statistical machine learning algorithm. We looked for statistically relevant correlations between the patterns in the dried blood droplets and exercise-induced changes in blood chemistry. An analysis of the various measured physiological parameters was also investigated. We found that when our machine learning algorithm, which optimises a statistical model combining Principal Component Analysis (pcA) as an unsupervised learning method and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as a supervised learning method, is applied on the logarithmic power spectrum of the images, it can provide up to 95% prediction accuracy, in discriminating the physiological conditions, i.e., before or after physical exercise. This correlation is strongest when all ten images taken per volunteer per condition are averaged, rather than treated individually. Having demonstrated proof-of-principle, this method can be applied to identify diseases. The generation of complex and varied patterns as a result of the liquid drying process is a common yet intriguing phenomenon in nature 1. One of the first studies of drying droplets began with the publication in 1997 by Deegan et al. 2 with an explanation of the formation of a ring-like structure commonly called a 'coffee ring' resulting from the evaporation of a droplet containing microparticles 3. The reason for the formation of such a pattern is that the contact line, where the droplet meets the substrate, is pinned in place, due to the particles in the liquid. Consequently, liquid from the center of the droplet must flow outwards to replenish the liquid that evaporates at the rim bringing the particles with it 4. The generic form of the coffee ring has been investigated and analysed by many researchers using different liquids including coffee 2,5,6 , nanofluids 7 , polymers 8,9 and DNA 10. Interestingly, in the past few decades, the analysis of patterns from dried droplets of biological fluids 11-13 has gained a lot of attention due to applications in fields such as biomedical 14-16 and forensic sciences 16,17 , with some reports of successful medical applications of the Litos test for analysing urine dropl...

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“…As IR spectroscopy is based on absorption due to electric dipole transitions associated with molecular vibrations, water cannot be used as a solvent, due to its intense absorption in the IR region due to the highly polar OH groups [39,40]. IR analysis of bodily fluids has therefore been predominantly performed on air-dried samples, which leads to chemical and physical inhomogeneity due to the socalled "coffee ring" effect and thereby inconsistencies in the results obtained [18,19,39]. Raman spectroscopy is an inelastic scattering technique based on the Raman effect, i.e., the coupling…”

Section: Raman Vs Infrared Absorption Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the past decades, there have been numerous studies of analytes in biofluids using vibrational spectroscopy, and, in recent years, attenuated total reflection (Fourier Transform) IR (ATR-FTIR) has become popular for rapid screening of biofluids, particularly blood plasma and serum [13]. Notably, however, ATR-FTIR is predominantly conducted on dried droplets of bodily fluids, adding to the complexity of the measurement and the clinical workflow [18,19]. In comparison, the prospect of using Raman spectroscopy for the label-free extraction of biochemical information from biological fluids is attractive from various perspectives; liquid sample analysis, no requirement for additional reagents, ease of use, speed, cost-effectiveness and low sample volume requirement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers from Monash University have similarly developed FTIR based techniques to analyse disease-causing pathogens in human blood[105]. Advances in instrumentation have made FTIR an ideal tool of choice for an increasing number of clinical application even though the sample drying step is potentially a huge drawback[19,68,106].Notably, it is demonstrated that the Raman analysis protocol can yield accuracies which are comparable with those reported using infrared absorption based measurements of dried serum, without the need for additional drying steps. However, there remain challenges to fulfilling the requirements for clinical translation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Potential of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of plasma/serum in the liquid state: recent advances

2020

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There is compelling evidence in the literature to support the application of Raman spectroscopy for analysis of bodily fluids in their native liquid state. Naturally, the strategies described in the literature for Raman spectroscopic analysis of liquid samples have advantages and disadvantages. Herein, recent advances in the analysis of plasma/serum in the liquid state are reviewed. The potential advantages of Raman analysis in the liquid form over the commonly employed infrared absorption analysis in the dried droplet form are initially highlighted.Improvements in measurement protocols based on inverted microscopic geometries, clinically adaptable substrates, data preprocessing and analysis, and applications for routine monitoring of patient health as well as therapeutic administration are reviewed. These advances suggest that clinical translation of Raman spectroscopy for rapid biochemical analysis can be a reality.In the future, this method will prove to be highly beneficial to clinicians for rapid screening and monitoring of analytes and drugs in the biological fluids, and to the patients themselves, enabling early treatment, before the disease becomes symptomatic, allowing early recovery.

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Biofluid spectroscopic disease diagnostics: A review on the processes and spectral impact of drying

Cited by 80 publications

References 120 publications

Investigating pre‐analytical requirements for serum and plasma based infrared spectro‐diagnostic

Investigating pre‐analytical requirements for serum and plasma based infrared spectro‐diagnostic

Machine Learning Analysis for Quantitative Discrimination of Dried Blood Droplets

Potential of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of plasma/serum in the liquid state: recent advances

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