Biofilms Correlate with T_H1 Inflammation in ihe Sinonasal Tissue of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Abstract

Sinonasal bacterial biofilms correlate to a T(H)1 skewed local but not systemic inflammatory response in CRS. This difference is abrogated by the use of oral steroids.

Optical coherence tomography for biofilm detection in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis

“…Furthermore, absence of bioWlms was not associated to the single employment of histopathological staining protocols or OCT scans. CRSwNP is a disease of multifactorial agents involving disturbed local immune response and chronic inXammation; however, bioWlms might contribute to the damage of respiratory epithelium and subsequent hyperplasia of the [2,6,12]. Although speciWc treatments are not available to target bioWlms, it is very important to be detected, since it is strongly associated with treatment failure and persisting symptoms [1,2,30].…”

“…These are immunological disorders, bronchial asthma, aspirin intolerance, ASA-syndrome, genetic diseases (cystic Wbrosis, Kartagener's disease), Staphylococcus superantigens, and fungal infections [1][2][3]. Recently, bacterial and fungal bioWlms with consecutive inXammatory reactions have been suspected to be the main etiologic factors of nasal polyp formation in CRS [2,[4][5][6].…”

“…BioWlms are characterized by a self-produced threedimensional extracellular matrix that consists of water, polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids [7,9]. This complex structure provides extremely high resistance against antimicrobial agents and host immune reactions [6,7,12]. This resistance mechanism is based on the physical barrier formed by the polysaccharide matrix that blocks the diVusion of antibiotics, antimycotics, superoxides, immunglobulins, and opsonins [6,7,12].…”

“…This complex structure provides extremely high resistance against antimicrobial agents and host immune reactions [6,7,12]. This resistance mechanism is based on the physical barrier formed by the polysaccharide matrix that blocks the diVusion of antibiotics, antimycotics, superoxides, immunglobulins, and opsonins [6,7,12]. BioWlms can be formed by individual-or mixed species of bacteria and fungi that usually cannot be cultured and isolated by conventional microbiological protocols; therefore, diagnosis is often uncertain [2,7,8].…”

T2R38 taste receptor polymorphisms underlie susceptibility to upper respiratory infection

“…ELISAs for β-defensin and IL-8 were purchased from Adipo Biosciences and Pierce Biotechnology, respectively, and performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. A Luminex 18-plex kit was used as previously described (72).…”