Biofilm Producing Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Augmented Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Cases in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Nepal

Manandhar, Sarita; Singh, Anjana; Varma, Ajit; Pandey, Shanti; Shrivastava, Neeraj

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02749

Cited by 56 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In our study, the prevalence of MRSA was 26.5 % which is consistent to recent studies (Pandey et al, 2012;Sanjana et al, 2010;Tiwari et al, 2009) that showed the prevalence rate between 26-69 %. Also, the prevalence of iMLS B resistance (23.45 %) was consistent to recent studies (Adhikari et al, 2017;Baral & Khanal, 2017;Manandhar et al, 2018) which showed the prevalence rate between 11.8-69.6 %. The iMLS B resistance was found E CL higher in 13-15 years age group whereas none of the samples from age group 16 showed iMLS B resistance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Screening of erm Gene of Inducible Clindamycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Timsina¹,

Timalsina

Singh

2019

J. Inst. Sci. Tech.

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Antibiotic resistance exhibited by Staphylococcus aureus is a growing global concern. This work was undertaken to determine the prevalence rate of inducible clindamycin resistant S. aureus in nasal sample and detect ermB gene in the isolates with inducible clindamycin resistance. Nasal swabs were collected from the school children and cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and Blood Agar (BA) for observation of colony morphology. Gram staining and biochemical test (catalase, oxidase, O-F and coagulase) were performed for further identification of the bacteria. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using a cefoxitin disc (30 μg) was used to detect methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). All, the MRSA isolates were tested for ermB gene by PCR amplification. Among 64 S. aureus isolates, 17 (26 %) were MRSA. The prevalence of Inducible clindamycin resistant S. aureus (iMLSB) isolates was 23.4 % in the S. aureus isolates. All the isolates of MRSA were resistant to penicillin, while 88.2 % were sensitive to gentamicin. The prevalence of ermB gene was 3.1 % in the total S. aureus isolates and 11.7 % MRSA showed the presence of this gene. Routinely performing a D-test in laboratory will guide the clinicians on the rationale use of clindamycin and improving hygienic practices can reduce the spread of inducible clindamycin resistance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Screening of erm Gene of Inducible Clindamycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Timsina¹,

Timalsina

Singh

2019

J. Inst. Sci. Tech.

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“…e frequency of MRSA in this study per group was 14.8% and 12.1% for food and humans, respectively, which is similar to that reported in the hands of chicken handlers (10%), chicken (8%) [31], ready-to-eat food rich in starch (8%) [33], shrimp, and fish (8%) [35]. e highest frequencies are usually from hospital isolates ranging from 35 to 81.4% [11,40,41], justifying that in the study the isolates of S. aureus were not of hospital origin. e study of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus has different approaches; in the medical and veterinary area, it is related to therapeutic failure to resolve infections by this microorganism [14,44].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Regarding resistance to antibiotics of S. aureus, a greater resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was found in humans. is trend has been reported in clinical isolation [39][40][41], hands of food handlers [31,42], and in foods such as chicken [31], fish, and shrimp [35]. As for tetracycline, the frequency of resistant strains was low in both groups, which is contrary to that described by Mekonnen et al [43] and Asiimwe et al [34].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Genetic Diversity and Virulence Factors of S. aureus Isolated from Food, Humans, and Animals

Adame-Gómez

Castro-Alarcón

Vences-Velázquez

et al. 2020

International Journal of Microbiology

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Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacterium in humans and animals able to adapt to multiple environments. The aim of this study was to compare the genetic diversity and virulence profiles of strains of S. aureus isolated from food (29 strains), humans (43 strains), and animals (8 strains). 80 lipase-producing strains belonging to a biobank of 360 isolates, identified phenotypically as S. aureus, were selected. Confirmation of the species was made by amplifying the spA gene and 80% (64/80) of the strains were confirmed within this species. The virulence profile of each of the isolates was determined by PCR. The seA gene coding for enterotoxin A was found in 53.1% of the strains, the saK gene, which codes for Staphylokinase, was amplified in 57.8% of the strains, and, finally, the hlB gene coding for β-Hemolysin was amplified in 17.2%. The profile of antimicrobial resistance was determined by the Kirby Bauer method showing that the strains from food presented greater resistance to erythromycin (40.7%) and ciprofloxacin (18.5%) while in strains isolated from humans were to erythromycin (48.4%) and clindamycin (21.2%). Also, in strains from animals, a high resistance to erythromycin was observed (75%). The frequency of MRSA was 12.5% due to the presence of the mec gene and resistance to cefoxitin. Of the total strains, 68.7% were typed by PCR-RFLP of the coa gene using the AluI enzyme; derived from this restriction, 17 profiles were generated. Profile 4 (490 bp, 300 bp) was the most frequent, containing a higher number of strains with a higher number of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance, which is associated with greater adaptation to different environments. In this study, a wide genetic diversity of strains of S. aureus from different foods, humans, and animals was found. This demonstrates evolution, genetic versatility, and, therefore, the adaptation of this microorganism in different environments.

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“…The antibiofilm activity of niosomal formulations of other antimicrobials, against a wide variety of pathogens was reported previously. 15,16,36 Manandhar et al 38 reported that clinical isolates of S. aureus tend to develop biofilms on medical devices, where S. aureus in biofilm displays high rates of antimicrobial resistance, multidrug resistance and methicillin resistance compared to non-biofilm -forming bacteria. 39 Therefore, treatment of S. aureus infection usually requires inhibition and eradication of biofilm formation in addition to bacterial inhibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>The Antimicrobial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Niosomes against Ciprofloxacin-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></p>

Kashef

Saleh

Assar

et al. 2020

IDR

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The threat of Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial resistance is increasing worldwide. Niosomes are a new drug delivery system that enhances the antimicrobial potential of antibiotics. We hereby aim to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomes. Methods: The antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical S. aureus isolates (n=59) was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Their biofilm formation activity was tested by Christensen's method. Two ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomal formulations were prepared by thin-film hydration method, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by agar dilution method, against ciprofloxacin-resistant and biofilm-forming isolates (n=24). Their ability to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate already formed biofilms was evaluated and further confirmed by scanning electron microscope images. Non-synonymous mutations, in a quinolone resistance-determining regions of S. aureus isolates, were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Most of the isolates were methicillin-(47/59) and ciprofloxacin-resistant (45/59). All except two isolates were capable of biofilm production. Niosomal preparation I reduced ciprofloxacin MIC by twofold in four isolates, whereas preparation II reduced ciprofloxacin MIC of most isolates by 8-to 32-fold, with three isolates that became ciprofloxacinsusceptible. Non-synonymous mutations were detected in isolates that maintained phenotypic ciprofloxacin resistance against ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomal preparation II. Ciprofloxacinloaded niosomes reduced the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration in 58% and 62% of the tested isolates, respectively. Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomes can restore ciprofloxacin activity against resistant S. aureus isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the inhibition of biofilm formation and eradication of formed biofilms by ciprofloxacin-loaded niosomes.

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Biofilm Producing Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Augmented Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Cases in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Nepal

Cited by 56 publications

References 48 publications

Screening of erm Gene of Inducible Clindamycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Screening of erm Gene of Inducible Clindamycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Genetic Diversity and Virulence Factors of S. aureus Isolated from Food, Humans, and Animals

<p>The Antimicrobial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Niosomes against Ciprofloxacin-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em></p>

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