Biofilm detection by the impedance method

Simultaneous monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus growth in a multi-parametric microfluidic platform using microscopy and impedance spectroscopy

“…The detected change is 15%, approximately 5% higher than that of the two-electrode method measuring under the same experimental conditions. The level of impedance changes detected is similar to that of the 10% change detected for the same range of frequencies at 12 h obtained by Zikmund et al [57] where the growth of Escherichia coli was monitored. Despite the differences in the dimensions and geometry between pathogens, E. coli is a rod-shaped bacterium and measures approximately 0.5 μm in width by 2 μm in length while S. aureus has a spherical shape and a size of 0.5-1 μm, we detected the same relative change at 10 h after infection (2 h after starting the experiment).…”

“…Numerous in vitro studies can be found in the literature based on the Bioelectrochemistry 105 (2015) [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] relative impedance changes induced after cell adhesion onto the electrodes [14,15], some of them using commercial interdigitated microelectrodes (IDuE) [16,17]. Despite offering a large sensitive area in a limited space, most of commercial IDuE do not offer the possibility of studying cell growth under flow conditions, a variable that is known to affect biofilm structure and behavior [18], or to measure additional cell culture parameters to control other cell cultures analytes of interest [19].…”

Microsystems for biofilm characterization and sensing – A review

“…demonstrated that IDE-based impedimetric sensors functionalized with antibodies that could be utilized for detecting specific biofilm, in this case B. bruxellensis [ 127 ] . Moreover, other studies that employ microfluidic platforms with IDEs or parallel electrodes for detecting biofilm formation have been performed [ [128] , [129] , [130] , [131] ].…”

A Technological Understanding of Biofilm Detection Techniques: A Review

“…A more extensive explanation of EIM spectroscopy is provided by Azeredo et al (2017); the principal of EIM spectroscopy lies in the detection of changes in the diffusion coefficient of a solution, which is recorded as an electrochemical reaction measured on the electrode [9]. This reaction depends on the local mass transfer coefficient and reduces with increasing biofilm thickness [30]. Bonetto et al (2014) investigated the properties of EIM spectroscopy to serve as a method in differentiating between microorganisms [31], which resulted in different measurements for different microorganisms, thus, EIM spectroscopy can also function as a tool to distinguish different microorganisms in the same medium.…”