Biofertilizer supplements allow nitrogen fertilizer reduction, maintain yields, and reduce nitrogen losses to air and water in China paddy fields
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Effect of nitrogen reduction combined with biochar application on soda saline soil and soybean growth in black soil areas
The combination of biochar and nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural salt-affected soils is an effective strategy for amending the soil and promoting production. To investigate the effect of nitrogen reduction combined with biochar application on a soda saline soil and soybean growth in black soil areas, a pot experiment was set up with two biochar application levels, 0 (B0) and 4.5 t/hm2 (B1); two biochar application depths, 0-20 cm (H1) and 0-40 cm (H2); and two nitrogen application levels, conventional nitrogen application (N0) and nitrogen reduction of 15% (N1). The results showed that the application of biochar improved the saline soil status and significantly increased soybean yield under lower nitrogen application. Moreover, increasing the depth of biochar application enhanced the effectiveness of biochar in reducing saline soil barriers to crop growth, which promoted soybean growth. Increasing the depth of biochar application increased the K+ and Ca2+ contents, soil nitrogen content, N fertilizer agronomic efficiency, leaf total nitrogen, N use efficiency, AN, Tr, gs, SPAD, leaf water potential, water content and soybean yield and its components. However, the Na+ content, SAR, ESP, Na+/K+, Ci and water use efficiency decreased with increasing biochar depth. Among the treatments with low nitrogen input and biochar, B1H1N1 resulted in the greatest soil improvement in the 0-20 cm soil layer compared with B0N0; for example, K+ content increased by 61.87%, Na+ content decreased by 44.80%, SAR decreased by 46.68%, and nitrate nitrogen increased by 26.61%. However, in the 20-40 cm soil layer, B1H2N1 had the greatest effect on improving the soil physicochemical properties, K+ content increased by 62.54%, Na+ content decreased by 29.76%, SAR decreased by 32.85%, and nitrate nitrogen content increased by 30.77%. In addition, compared with B0N0, total leaf nitrogen increased in B1H2N1 by 25.07%, N use efficiency increased by 6.7%, N fertilizer agronomic efficiency increased by 32.79%, partial factor productivity of nitrogen increased by 28.37%, gs increased by 22.10%, leaf water potential increased by 27.33% and water content increased by 6.44%. In conclusion, B1H2N1 had the greatest effect on improving the condition of saline soil; it not only effectively regulated the distribution of salt in soda saline soil and provided a low-salt environment for crop growth but also activated deep soil resources. Therefore, among all treatments investigated in this study, B1H2N1 was considered most suitable for improving the condition of soda saline soil in black soil areas and enhancing the growth of soybean plants.
Effect of nitrogen reduction combined with biochar application on soda saline soil and soybean growth in black soil areas
The combination of biochar and nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural salt-affected soils is an effective strategy for amending the soil and promoting production. To investigate the effect of nitrogen reduction combined with biochar application on a soda saline soil and soybean growth in black soil areas, a pot experiment was set up with two biochar application levels, 0 (B0) and 4.5 t/hm2 (B1); two biochar application depths, 0-20 cm (H1) and 0-40 cm (H2); and two nitrogen application levels, conventional nitrogen application (N0) and nitrogen reduction of 15% (N1). The results showed that the application of biochar improved the saline soil status and significantly increased soybean yield under lower nitrogen application. Moreover, increasing the depth of biochar application enhanced the effectiveness of biochar in reducing saline soil barriers to crop growth, which promoted soybean growth. Increasing the depth of biochar application increased the K+ and Ca2+ contents, soil nitrogen content, N fertilizer agronomic efficiency, leaf total nitrogen, N use efficiency, AN, Tr, gs, SPAD, leaf water potential, water content and soybean yield and its components. However, the Na+ content, SAR, ESP, Na+/K+, Ci and water use efficiency decreased with increasing biochar depth. Among the treatments with low nitrogen input and biochar, B1H1N1 resulted in the greatest soil improvement in the 0-20 cm soil layer compared with B0N0; for example, K+ content increased by 61.87%, Na+ content decreased by 44.80%, SAR decreased by 46.68%, and nitrate nitrogen increased by 26.61%. However, in the 20-40 cm soil layer, B1H2N1 had the greatest effect on improving the soil physicochemical properties, K+ content increased by 62.54%, Na+ content decreased by 29.76%, SAR decreased by 32.85%, and nitrate nitrogen content increased by 30.77%. In addition, compared with B0N0, total leaf nitrogen increased in B1H2N1 by 25.07%, N use efficiency increased by 6.7%, N fertilizer agronomic efficiency increased by 32.79%, partial factor productivity of nitrogen increased by 28.37%, gs increased by 22.10%, leaf water potential increased by 27.33% and water content increased by 6.44%. In conclusion, B1H2N1 had the greatest effect on improving the condition of saline soil; it not only effectively regulated the distribution of salt in soda saline soil and provided a low-salt environment for crop growth but also activated deep soil resources. Therefore, among all treatments investigated in this study, B1H2N1 was considered most suitable for improving the condition of soda saline soil in black soil areas and enhancing the growth of soybean plants.
Optimizing the Water and Nitrogen Management Scheme to Enhance Potato Yield and Water–Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Water and nitrogen are the primary constraints on improving agricultural productivity. The aims of this study are to investigate the synergistic effects of water and nitrogen, optimize their combination schemes under mulched drip irrigation systems in the northwest region of China, and offer scientific insight into enhancing water and nitrogen use efficiency in potato cultivation. The traditional cultivar “Qing Shu 10” was chosen for the test material. A two-year field study on potato water–nitrogen interaction was conducted in the central Hexi Corridor, within Ganzhou District of Zhangye City, with three irrigation levels (W1 (336 mm), W2 (408 mm), and W3 (480 mm)) and three nitrogen application rates (N1 (44 kg ha−1), N2 (192 kg ha−1), and N3 (240 kg ha−1)) using a fully randomized combination design, resulting in nine treatments. This study examined the varying responses in potato yield and water–nitrogen use efficiency to different water–nitrogen combinations in the Hexi Corridor region, developed a mathematical regression model to predict the economic benefit of potatoes based on water–nitrogen interactions, and refined the application strategy. The results indicated that both the volume of irrigation water and the rate of nitrogen application significantly influenced potato yield and water–nitrogen utilization efficiency. A distinct interactive effect was observed between irrigation volume and nitrogen application rate. The reduced irrigation volume restricted nitrogen uptake, with an average increase of 31.87% in nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity and 31.54% in potato yield when moving from W1 to W2 over two years and only a 6.02% and 5.48% increase from W2 to W3, respectively. Similarly, reduced nitrogen application rates also hindered water uptake by potatoes, with increases of 9.05% in water use efficiency, 12.14% in irrigation water use efficiency, 12.12% in yield from N1 to N2, and only 1.98% and 1.69% increases in irrigation water use efficiency and yield from N2 to N3, while water use efficiency decreased by 1.17%. The highest yield values over the two-year period were observed in the N2W3 treatment, with 43,493.54 and 43,082.19 kg ha−1. The irrigation volume, nitrogen application rate, and potato economic benefit were well modeled by a quadratic regression, with an R2 of 0.996 for both predicted and actual economic benefit over two years, indicating a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease as water and nitrogen levels increased. Through simulation optimization and a thorough analysis of multiple indicators, the N2W3 treatment yielded an economic benefit exceeding 25,391.13 CNY ha−1 and demonstrated a high water–nitrogen utilization efficiency. This treatment not only enhances potato economic benefit but also minimizes agricultural resource inputs, establishing it as the optimal water and fertilizer management strategy for this study.
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