Biofabrication of an Esophageal Tissue Construct from a Polymer Blend Using 3D Extrusion‐Based Printing

Abstract

Many tissue engineering approaches are being explored to offer solutions for diseased esophageal tissue and its repair. However, classical techniques in tissue engineering are not capable of recapitulating the structural and functional parameters of native esophagi. Esophageal 3D bioprinting is yet an emerging field but holds great promise in meeting this challenge. Herein, the use of extrusion‐based 3D printing is examined to generate esophageal substitutes from a polymer blend‐based formulation. The fabricated 3D esophageal structures are printed at a very high speed without collapse and without the use of supporting material. In vitro analysis reveals that the printed material enables cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration into the deeper zones. Moreover, the designed construct is suturable to the native esophagus and exhibits no leakage while offering mechanical properties similar to that of the native tissue. Overall, these biochemical and biomechanical features make the reported artificial esophagus a promising solution for the repair of damaged esophagi.

Doxorubicin-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Tumor Cell Death in Retinoblastoma

“…The treatment modalities of retinoblastoma remain a complex process involving a multitude of different treatments that include a combination of chemotherapy, cryotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, yet these are often met with severe side effects due to their non-specific targeting on healthy cells [ 55 ]. There has been great progress in creating novel methods for different therapeutic approaches, such as 3D bioprinting, hydrogels, and nanoparticles in different diseases [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]. Yet, within the past decade, EVs have emerged as a therapeutic tool and potential vehicle for targeted therapy due to their exceptional biocompatibility and physiochemical stability [ 36 , 61 , 62 ].…”

Advances in biomaterials for the treatment of retinoblastoma

“…They should show no sign to induce cancer, immunological rejection, or other harmful adverse effects. 39,142 The biocompatibility of a drug delivery device can be enhanced by altering tissue and immune cells responses via the use of pharmacological agents. The loading of anti-inflammatory modulators in a biomaterial can limit the immunological rejection of a drug delivery vehicle.…”

“…144 Biodegradation of biomaterials can occur in vivo via enzymatic or non-enzymatic (e.g., autohydrolysis) pathways and should generate biocompatible or inoffensive byproducts. 39 Today, there is a notable emphasis on the chemistry of biodegradable materials in targeted drug delivery applications and numerous developments in biodegradable drug delivery systems have been recently explored, including, in situ drug delivery, cell delivery, gene transfer, site-specific delivery, immunotherapy, and anticancer drug delivery. [145][146][147][148][149] Drug stabilization: The intended biomaterial must provide protection to the embedded drugs and shield them from any breakdown events or degeneracy within the target site, therefore preserving the biological activity of the bioactive factors.…”

“…, autohydrolysis) pathways and should generate biocompatible or inoffensive byproducts. 39 Today, there is a notable emphasis on the chemistry of biodegradable materials in targeted drug delivery applications and numerous developments in biodegradable drug delivery systems have been recently explored, including, in situ drug delivery, cell delivery, gene transfer, site-specific delivery, immunotherapy, and anticancer drug delivery. 145–149…”

“…[31][32][33][34] Among other uses, biomaterials are the root of many biomedical and pharma-ceutical preparations, they are fundamental for drug delivery systems from drug-eluting contact lenses to nanocarriers, and are the materials of choice in tissue engineering. [35][36][37][38][39] For instance, biomaterial strategies (implants, nanocarriers, and stimuli-responsive constructs, among others) were found promising in delivering a massive set of drugs\bioactive molecules (e.g., proteins, growth factors, cytokines, genetic materials, and chemotherapy, among others) for the treatment of diverse threatening diseases, 31,[40][41][42][43][44] including retinoblastoma. 22,45,46 Drug delivery systems can modulate the release of therapeutic agents and control their delivery to a specific location in the body.…”