Bioengineering Techniques to Improve Nitrogen Transformation and Utilization: Implications for Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Future Sustainable Crop Production

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and development, especially in physiological and biochemical processes such as component of different proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and plant growth regulators. Six categories, such as transporters, nitrate absorption, signal molecules, amino acid biosynthesis, transcription factors, and miscellaneous genes, broadly encompass the genes regulating NUE in various cereal crops. Herein, we outline detailed research on bioengineering modifications of N metabolism to improve the different crop yields and biomass. We emphasize effective and precise molecular approaches and technologies, including N transporters, transgenics, omics, etc., which are opening up fascinating opportunities for a complete analysis of the molecular elements that contribute to NUE. Moreover, the detection of various types of N compounds and associated signaling pathways within plant organs have been discussed. Finally, we highlight the broader impacts of increasing NUE in crops, crucial for better agricultural yield and in the greater context of global climate change.

The Future of Agriculture and Food: Sustainable Approaches to Achieve Zero Hunger

“…One key to sustainable production is more efficient nutrient utilization by plants to minimize the need for fertilizers. A review of bioengineering techniques to improve nitrogen transformation and utilization indicates there are many promising genetic improvement technology strategies that should be actively pursued to unravel this highly complex process . At the same time, there are creative research efforts underway to make fertilizers from biodegradable materials, such as nanomaterials, which continue to deliver nutrients over time. − Both improved soil nutrient utilization by crops and sustainable fertilization systems will be required to make progress on increasing food production.…”