“…between 1-100 nM), one of the key downstream events is the increased cell death via activation of apoptosis induced by rotenone (Ahmadi et al, 2003;Arnold et al, 2011;Borland et al, 2008;Chang et al, 2011;Chen et al, 2008;Chiu et al, 2015;Choi et al, 2010b;Emmrich et al, 2013;Filomeni et al, 2012;Gao et al, 2012;Gao et al, 2002Gao et al, , 2003aGao et al, 2003b;Giordano et al, 2014;Giordano et al, 2012;Hsuan et al, 2006;Imamura et al, 2006;Jiang et al, 2006a;Kang et al, 2012a;Klintworth et al, 2007;Knaryan et al, 2014;Moon et al, 2005;Newhouse et al, 2004;Radad et al, 2006;Ramachandiran et al, 2006;Shamoto-Nagai et al, 2003;Sherer et al, 2003a;Takeuchi et al, 2009;Wang & Xu, 2005;Watabe & Nakaki, 2004;Zhou et al, 2015). This event has been observed as early as 6 h after 100 nM rotenone exposure in mouse dopaminergic MN9D cell line (Gao et al, 2012) up to 3 weeks after 1 nM rotenone exposure in rat differentiated dopaminergic PC6-3 cell line (Arnold et al, 2011).…”