Bioelectronics‐Related 2D Materials Beyond Graphene: Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications

Abstract

The rapid development of bioelectronics has lead to the emergence of versatile biorelated architectures for information processing systems, sensors, actuators, and wearable devices. In recent years, 2D materials beyond graphene have been demonstrated to be essential bioelectronic device components owing to their merits of atomic thickness, high transparency, large specific area, unique electrical/optical properties, and good biocompatibility. Herein, the recent advances in the bioelectronic applications of 2D materials beyond graphene are reviewed and their physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, synthesis, and processing methods are described. Moreover, the design strategies, working mechanisms, and performances of various bioelectronic devices based on these materials are summarized and the perspectives and challenges of this research field are highlighted. Thus, this review is expected to inspire new insights and technical advances for future research.

3D Printable Electrically Conductive Hydrogel Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…The emergence of conductive filler materials with a high level of anisotropic activity and chemical characteristics can provide new approaches for the design and development of versatile and high-performance bioelectronic materials with new functionalities [ 8 ]. In particular, graphene, MXenes and liquid metals have become the three most effective conductive filler materials applied in advanced ECHs [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

“…Moreover, the fabricated composite ECHs showed excellent human adipose stem cell viability and mineral deposition (as shown in Figure 6e-g), which has potential in tissue engineering as support for osteogenic induction [52]. MXenes are layers of transition metal carbides, carbonitrides or nitrides a few atoms thick and have attracted attention in the field of biomedical engineering due to their aqueous dispersion processability, tuneable electrical conductivity and biocompatibility [8]. Preparation of additive-free aqueous and organic inks of Ti 3 C 2 T x has been recently reported for extrusion and inkjet printing, respectively, of micro-supercapacitors on flexible substrates with resistance values ranging from a few Ω to several MΩ [54].…”

“…However, their tissue engineering applications are often limited by their poor processability and mechanical brittleness, which has led to the development of several conductive polymer-based hybrid ECHs [ 7 ]. On the other hand, electrically conductive fillers, such as carbon-based materials, transition metal carbides/nitrides and liquid metals provide highly efficient electron transport channels across polymer matrix (having covalent/or non-covalent interactions with polymer chains) to achieve high conductivity [ 8 ]. Over the last decade, graphene-based materials have drawn exceptional attention as conductive fillers for ECH composites due to their natural abundance, outstanding electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation support qualities [ 9 ].…”

Intercalation Strategy in 2D Materials for Electronics and Optoelectronics

“…2D materials are currently a topic of intense interest due to their excellent chemical and physical properties, such as tunable band structures, strong light‐matter interactions, atomically thin thickness and smooth surfaces without dangling bonds, which make them promising for the next generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. [ 1–32 ] The existence of van der Waals (vdW) gaps in 2D materials offers an opportunity for external species to intercalate, which can significantly modulate the intrinsic properties of 2D materials and enrich their applications. [ 33–36 ] As shown in Figure , intercalation has been employed to enrich the physical and chemical properties of 2D materials such as charge transfer and vdW gap expansion.…”

Additive‐free Aqueous Dispersions of Two‐Dimensional Materials with Glial Cell Compatibility and Enzymatic Degradability

“…Several schemes of study evaluating toxicity and degradability have identified suitable materials including metals, semiconductors, polymer substrates/encapsulations, and energy storage devices for transient devices [4] . In this regard however, aspects pertaining to the cytotoxicity and biodegradability of 2D materials and the processing strategies that are deployed in their synthesis are yet to be extensively evaluated before they can fit into the niche of such technologies [3d, 5] …”