Bioelectrochemistry and the Singularity Point “I Robot”?**

Abstract

In his book “The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology” Ray Kurtzweil described the concept of artificial intelligence in an unorthodox way. It describes how humans will interface with machines and eventually will become one with machines. Hence, we can define a time point, which is a theoretical point when humans and machines will become one. In order to reach this point, a successful interface between the biological/organic to the inorganic matter is needed. In order for these pieces of “machinery” to communicate between one another, an exchange of matter and energy should be achieved. Electron transfer between the inorganic and organic has been the mission of bioelectrochemical systems in the past few decades. Enzymes, antibodies and nucleic acids attachment to electrodes has been achieved more than three decades ago. In the following assay I am reviewing the different advances that were made towards an integration between biological entities to inorganic ones.

Assessing Thermal Response of Redox Conduction for Anti-Arrhenius Kinetics in a Microbial Cytochrome Nanowire

“…The nearest electron donor/acceptor in some aquatic sediments, however, is either another microbe or a mineral nanoparticle that may be up to a few microns away. Coupling the reduction of microbes or minerals in the extracellular space with intracellular oxidative metabolism constitutes an ancient and widespread respiratory strategy. − The electrical circuits established between microbes and minerals, if better understood, can elucidate the biogeochemical evolution of the planet, − the role of the microbiome in human health and diseases, − as well as templates − for the design of bioelectronic technologies. − …”

Heme Hopping Falls Short: What Explains Anti-Arrhenius Conductivity in a Multi-heme Cytochrome Nanowire?

“…[4][5][6][7] The electrical circuits established between microbes and minerals, if better understood, can elucidate the biogeochemical evolution of the planet, [8][9][10][11][12][13] the role of the microbiome in human health and disease, [14][15][16][17] as well as templates [18][19][20][21] for the design of bioelectronic technologies. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Microbes can electrically 'plug-in' to their environments through direct contact with cell-surface proteins, outer-membrane vesicles, filamentous appendages, or molecular shuttles. One of the best studied electroactive microorganisms, Geobacter sulfurreducens, has been known for nearly twenty years to produce conductive filaments.…”