Bioefficacy potential of different genotypes of walnut Juglans regia L.

Abstract

The purpose of investigation was to assess the phytochemical and nutraceutical of walnut in leaf extracts through diverse quantitative and qualitative phytochemical tests followed by array of assays. The screening of 50 elite walnut genotypes which exhibited wide range of discrepancy in terms of phytochemicals as well as their anti-oxidant potential was done. Walnut genotypes displayed maximum divergence in quercetin content (2.86-5.78 mg/100 g) as represented by cluster analysis. The phenolic rich genotypes exhibiting total phenols (37.61-46.47 mg/g GAE) having higher DPPH potential (IP of 32.82-73.50) where as genotypes that accumulate flavonoids/flavanols (5.52-28.48 mg/g QE and 4.11-21.76 mg/g QE showed immense FRAP activity (418.92-1067.94 µM Fe/g FW). There was positive correlation between the phenolics content and anti-oxidant potential. The results showed oil content of 50.1-85.08% and kernel percentage 25.21-81.92% of all walnut genotypes. To evaluate the anti-proliferative potential of walnut genotypes, Trypan blue exclusion test, MTT assay and Griess assay was used. Each assay was repeated with different positive controls against a panel of human cancer cell lines viz THP-1, U2OS, IMR-32 and HBL-100 and then compared with the walnut extracts for their efficiency in anti-proliferative activity. The SPS 1 walnut extract at concentration of 500 µg/ml exhibited 10% cell viability and with 1000 µg/ml walnut extract there was consequent decline towards (6.25%) viability. The results indicated that walnut leaf constitutes an excellent source of effective natural antioxidants and chemo-preventive agents that can act as anti cancer agents.

Process Optimization for Improved Phenolic Compounds Recovery from Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Septum: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities

“…Another study, performed on walnut seed and by-products, presented TPC mean values of 116.22 ± 3.76 mg GAE/g seed extract (21.43 mg/g walnut seed after taking into account the extraction yields), 94.39 ± 5.63 mg GAE/g leaf extract, and 50.18 ± 2.69 mg GAE/g green husk extract [ 55 ]. Akbari et al (2012) obtained TPC mean values of 52.05 ± 1.27 mg GAE/g, 24.68 ± 0.43 mg GAE/g, and 18.04 ± 0.42 mg GAE/g, for walnut pellicle, hull, and shell, respectively [ 56 ], while Shah et al (2018) acquired quantities from 37.61 to 46.47 mg GAE/g dw walnut leaf extract [ 57 ].…”

“…The highest TFC value was 9.76 ± 0.23 mg QE/g dw walnut septum (run order 14, Table 3 ), approximately 10 times lower than total extractable phenolics. In one recent study the total flavonoids content of the walnut leaf extract ranged from 5.52 to 28.48 mg QE/g [ 57 ], while Mocan et al (2018), researching Prunus domestica leaves, found TFC values between 36.60 ± 2.90 and 60.32 ± 4.12 mg QE/g leaf extract [ 59 ]. However, an objective comparison between the results is quite difficult, due to different matrixes and extraction protocols.…”

“…As determined by the FRAP assay, the total antioxidant activity of walnut ( Juglans regia ), attributed primarily to their high phenolic content [ 74 ], ranked second only to rose hips ( Rosa canina ) among various fruits and foodstuffs [ 63 ]. FRAP activity data for related matrices were 418.92 μM Fe 2+ /g to 1067.94 μM Fe 2+ /g fw walnut leaves [ 57 ], 95.4 μmol TAE/g to 181.2 μmol TAE/g dw walnut kernel [ 75 ], or 454 μmol Fe 2+ /g walnut [ 76 ]. As for the other assays, no information was found regarding septum FRAP activity, therefore an objective comparison between the results is unlikely.…”

Natural Products to Fight Cancer: A Focus on Juglans regia

“…Each mixture was prepared following different procedures; thus, even extracts obtained with the same solvents of the same part of the plant might encounter different outcomes. To make comparisons even harder, differences among the same extracts can occur according to walnut genotype [ 162 ] or to the period of drug harvesting and ripeness status. For instance, young walnut leaves store significantly higher quantities of phenolic compounds than mature leaves [ 122 , 163 ].…”

The Metabolic Relationships between Probiotics and Fatty Acids

“…Probiotics have a bile salt hydrolysis enzyme and this enzyme can reduce the detergent effect of bile salts [5]. In addition to these features of probiotics, most probiotics have adhesion to the intestinal wall [6]. Probiotic bacteria also create a number of other * corresponding author; e-mail: alpdayangac@gmail.com acids such as citric acid and hippuric acid.…”