Biodiversity in the Amazon: Origin Hypotheses, Intrinsic Capacity of Species Colonization, and Comparative Phylogeography of River Otters (Lontra longicaudis and Pteronura brasiliensis, Mustelidae, Carnivora) and Pink River Dolphin (Inia sp., Iniidae, Cetacea)

Ruiz‐García, Manuel; Escobar-Armel, Pablo; Thoisy, Benoı̂t de; Martínez-Agüero, María; Pinedo-Castro, Myreya; Shostell, Josep Mark

doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9375-4

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…Our findings rather agree with several phylogeographic studies detecting signals of easterly ( 35 , 36 ) or westerly ( 51 ) trajectories of colonization for several fish taxa across the Purus Arch accompanied by demographic expansions ( 35 ) during the early and mid-Pleistocene (∼2.6 to 0.7 Ma ago). Our results are also well in line with biogeographic studies reporting diversification for various avian and mammal taxa dated between ∼2.6 and 0.13 Ma ago and attributed to a sequential formation of the major tributaries of the Amazon during this time step ( 55 – 60 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Unexpected fish diversity gradients in the Amazon basin

et al. 2019

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Using the most comprehensive fish occurrence database, we evaluated the importance of ecological and historical drivers in diversity patterns of subdrainage basins across the Amazon system. Linear models reveal the influence of climatic conditions, habitat size and sub-basin isolation on species diversity. Unexpectedly, the species richness model also highlighted a negative upriver-downriver gradient, contrary to predictions of increasing richness at more downriver locations along fluvial gradients. This reverse gradient may be linked to the history of the Amazon drainage network, which, after isolation as western and eastern basins throughout the Miocene, only began flowing eastward 1–9 million years (Ma) ago. Our results suggest that the main center of fish diversity was located westward, with fish dispersal progressing eastward after the basins were united and the Amazon River assumed its modern course toward the Atlantic. This dispersal process seems not yet achieved, suggesting a recent formation of the current Amazon system.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Unexpected fish diversity gradients in the Amazon basin

et al. 2019

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“…This could explain changes in the relationship of the Mamore-Beni Rivers (or Beni Lake) with other drainage river systems, which could have split the ancestors of A. sara and A. seniculus. This event could also have isolated the Bolivian dolphins from other Amazonian pink river dolphins [Ruiz-García et al, 2017]. The second hypothesis is based on the works of Ribas et al [2012] and Lynch-Alfaro et al [2015].…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Phylogeography of the Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata; Atelidae, Primates) across Its Geographical Range by Means of Mitochondrial Genetic Analyses and New Insights about the Phylogeny of Alouatta

Ruiz‐García¹,

Cerón²,

Castillo³

et al. 2017

IJFP

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We analyzed 156 specimens of diverse howler monkey taxa (Alouatta; Atelidae, Primates) for different mitochondrial genes (5,567 base pairs), with special emphasis on A. palliata and related taxa. Our results showed no relevant differences among individuals of different putative taxa, A. p. palliata, A. p. aequatorialis, A. coibensis coibensis, and A. c. trabeata. We found no spatial differences in genetic structure of A. p. palliata throughout Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. A. p. mexicana (genetic distance: 1.6-2.1%) was the most differentiated taxon within A. palliata. Therefore, we postulate the existence of only 2 clearly defined subspecies within A. palliata (A. p. palliata and A. p. mexicana). A. palliata and A. pigra (traditionally considered a subspecies of A. palliata) are 2 clearly differentiated species as was demonstrated by Cortés-Ortiz and colleagues in 2003, with a temporal split between the 2 species around 3.6-3.7 million years ago (MYA). Our results with the Median Joining Network procedure showed that the ancestors of the cis-Andean Alouatta gave rise to the ancestors of the trans-Andean Alouatta around 6.0-6.9 MYA. As Cortés-Ortiz et al. showed, A. sara and A. macconnelli are differentiable species from A. seniculus, although the first 2 taxa were traditionally considered subspecies of A. seniculus. Our findings agree with the possibility that the ancestor of A. sara gave rise to the ancestor of A. pigra in northern South America. In turn, the ancestor of A. pigra originated the ancestor of A. palliata. Two of our results strongly support the hypothesis that the South American A. palliata (the putative A. p. aequatorialis) was the original population of this species; it has high genetic diversity and no evidence of population expansion. The Central America A. palliata is the derived population. It has low genetic diversity and there is clear evidence of population expansion. However, A. palliata and A. pigra probably migrated into Central America by 2 different routes: the Isthmus of Panama (A. palliata) and Caribbean island arch (A. pigra). Finally, the red howler monkeys from the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean Sea were not A. macconnelli (= A. s. stramineus) as Groves maintained in his influential 2001 publication on primate taxonomy. This taxon is more related to A. s. seniculus, although it formed a monophyletic clade. Future molecular and karyotypic studies will show if the Trinidad red howler monkeys should be considered as an extension of the Venezuelan taxon, A. arctoidea, as a subspecies of A. seniculus(A. s. seniculus), or, in the case of extensive chromosomal rearrangements, even a new species.

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“…A preliminary phylogeographic study of P. dumerilianus, based on mitochondrial genes, points to the existence of three genetically differentiated populations with occurrences partially related to the Orinoco and Amazon basins, whose divergence began in the Pleistocene (Gentil et al unpublished data). During this period major changes occurred in the respective basins, and are associated with divergence events in other aquatic species such as fish, river dolphins, and otters (Willis et al 2010;Hollatz et al 2011;Wesselingh and Hoorn 2011;Ruiz-García et al 2018).…”

Section: Evolutionary Considerations and Position Within Podocnemididaementioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of the Big-headed Amazon River Turtle, Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger, 1812) (Testudines, Pleurodira): the basal extant Podocnemididae species

Farias¹,

Medeiros²,

Vogt³

et al. 2021

Herpetozoa

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We review the extent and nature of scientific knowledge of the Big-headed Amazon River Turtle, Peltocephalus dumerilianus, covering distribution, morphology, taxonomy, diet, behaviour, reproduction, and ecology. We discuss the phylogenetic position of the species and its evolutionary relationships with the other podocnemidids, comparing morphological, karyological and molecular information. Also, we describe the importance of this species and its relationship with traditional Amazonian communities, including capture techniques, uses, beliefs and taboos. Finally, we comment on the conservation status of the species and the urgent need for additional studies. Besides discussing and reinterpreting published data, we provide new information from recent genetic studies, field activities and captive observations.

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Biodiversity in the Amazon: Origin Hypotheses, Intrinsic Capacity of Species Colonization, and Comparative Phylogeography of River Otters (Lontra longicaudis and Pteronura brasiliensis, Mustelidae, Carnivora) and Pink River Dolphin (Inia sp., Iniidae, Cetacea)

Cited by 15 publications

References 116 publications

Unexpected fish diversity gradients in the Amazon basin

Unexpected fish diversity gradients in the Amazon basin

Phylogeography of the Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata; Atelidae, Primates) across Its Geographical Range by Means of Mitochondrial Genetic Analyses and New Insights about the Phylogeny of Alouatta

Biology of the Big-headed Amazon River Turtle, Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger, 1812) (Testudines, Pleurodira): the basal extant Podocnemididae species

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