Biodiversity, Bioprospecting, Traditional Knowledge, Sustainable Development and Value Added Products: A Review

Pushpangadan, P.; George, Varughese; Ijinu, Thadiyan Parambil; Chithra, Manikantan Ambika

doi:10.4172/2573-4555.1000256

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Biodiversity of the world is facing threat to de ple tion because of over-utilization and human destructive ac ti vi ties. Ethnobotany is thus a tool to preserve this ancient wealth of folklore possessed by natives (Pushpangadan et al 2018).…”

Section: Lichens: Traditional Use and Biological Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lichens: traditional use and biological activities

Sutar¹,

Gaikwad²,

Mapari³

et al. 2021

Bot Pac

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Lichens are a stable symbiotic association between photobiont (algae and/or cyanobacteria) and mycobiont (fungi). They are utilized in traditional medicine for ages and documented in various pharmacopeia throughout the world. India is having a rich diversity of lichen species represented by about 2400 species. The tribal inhabitant around forests and other difficult terrains acquired unique knowledge about the use of much wide flora and fauna. Most of these are either lesser known or unknown to the outside world. The treasure of traditional knowledge if subjected to scientific scrutiny could benefit humankind in many ways. They produce unique secondary metabolites through various metabolic pathways and are known to exhibit a wide array of bioactivities. We have reviewed the literature for traditional knowledge of the lichen species and biological activities reported to study its inter-relationship. It was observed that that still a major percentage of lichens have remained unexplored. These lichens may have immense potential; and if analysed could be used in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic industries, and many more.

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Section: Lichens: Traditional Use and Biological Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lichens: traditional use and biological activities

Sutar¹,

Gaikwad²,

Mapari³

et al. 2021

Bot Pac

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“…This subset is likely enriched in compounds that are both effective against human diseases and also relatively safe for humans (Porras et al, 2021). Databases of plants used in the medical traditions of China, India, Africa, the Americas, and Europe are widely screened for medically useful compounds (Anand et al, 2019;Pushpangadan et al, 2018;Wink, 2015;Yeung et al, 2020). The "jungle medicine" narrative has its share of hype, Western romanticism, and exploitation, however (Voeks, 2018), and some systematic assays of ethnomedicines have been disappointing (e.g., Applequist et al, 2017).…”

Section: Ethnopharmacology As a Form Of Transgenerational Immune Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Homo medicus: The transition to meat eating, increased pathogen pressure, and the constitutive and inducible use of pharmacological plants in Homo

Hagen¹,

Blackwell²,

Lightner³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The human lineage entered a more carnivorous niche 2.6 mya. A range of evidence indicates this increased zoonotic pathogen pressure. This evidence includes increased zoonotic infections modern hunter-gatherers and bushmeat hunters relative to others living in the same environments, exceptionally low stomach pH compared to other primates, human-specific downregulation in ANTXR2 that would have protected against increased exposure to zoonotic anthrax, exceptional human immune responses to LPS compared to other primates, and other divergent immune genes. These all point to change, and likely intensification, in the disease environment of Homo compared to earlier hominins and other apes. At the same time, the brain, an organ in which inflammatory immune responses are highly constrained, begins to increase, eventually tripling in size. We propose that the combination of increased zoonotic pathogen pressure and the challenges of defending a large brain and body from pathogens across what would eventually become the longest lifespan of any mammal, selected for intensification of the self-medication strategies already in place in apes and other primates, resulting in a variety of plant-based pathogen defenses. In support, there is evidence of medicinal plant use by hominins in the middle Paleolithic, and all cultures today have sophisticated, plant-based medical systems, incorporate plant components high in secondary compounds (spices) into food, and regularly consume psychoactive substances that are harmful to helminths and other pathogens in the CNS and other tissues. The computational challenges of discovering effective plant-based treatments, and the economic challenges of benefiting from costly-to- acquire medical knowledge that would be more often useful to others than oneself, were selection pressures for increased cognitive abilities and unique exchange relationships in Homo. In the story of human evolution, which has long featured hunters, shamans and healers had an equal role to play.

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“…The development of modern techniques such as genetic engineering, advancements in culture techniques and fermentation has led to the large-scale biosynthesis of highly efficient bioactive natural products (Chen et al 2018). Thus, prospecting of diverse traditional knowledge also contributes to a valuable lead in developing novel drugs/pharmaceuticals or phytochemicals or genes of great industrial value (Efferth et al 2016;Pushpangadan et al 2018). Bioprospecting has been effectively utilized for the large scale production of medicinally active compounds such as artemisinin, crofelemer, prostratin, vinblastine and vincristine (Cox and King 2013).…”

Section: Bioprospecting: a Future Perspective For Natural Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pitfalls and promises of raw drug identification techniques in the ayurvedic industry: an overview

2020

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India, with a rich heritage of floral diversity, is well-known for its medicinal plant wealth and is the largest producer of medicinal herbs in the world. Ethnobiological Survey of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) could identify 8000 plant species utilized in various systems of medicine with approximately 25,000 effective herbal formulations. The extensive consumption to meet demand-supply ratio exerts a heavy strain on the existing resources. This subsequently led to the adulteration and substitution of medicinal plants with look-alike species. The consumer's faith on herbal medicine is in the phase of decline due to the extremities in adulteration/substitution and ensuing consequences. It is imperative to bring forth universally acceptable standard tools to authenticate raw drugs before being processed further into formulations. A vast array of techniques such as physical, chemical (analytical), biochemical, anatomical, organoleptic, and recently emerged DNA based molecular methods are widely used for plant species authentication. In recent years, DNA barcoding has made remarkable progress in the field of medicinal plants research. DNA metabarcoding is the latest development for qualitative evaluation of the herbal formulations, whereas for quantitative analysis, combination of pharmacognostic, pharmacovigilance and analytical methods are inevitable for authentication. This review addresses the overall strengths and shortcomings of the existing as well as recently emerged techniques in authenticating ayurvedic raw drugs.

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Biodiversity, Bioprospecting, Traditional Knowledge, Sustainable Development and Value Added Products: A Review

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Lichens: traditional use and biological activities

Lichens: traditional use and biological activities

Homo medicus: The transition to meat eating, increased pathogen pressure, and the constitutive and inducible use of pharmacological plants in Homo

Pitfalls and promises of raw drug identification techniques in the ayurvedic industry: an overview

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