Biodiesel surrogates: Achieving performance demands

Sarin, Rakesh K.; Kumar, Ravindra; Srivastav, Bhawana; Puri, S.K.; Tuli, Deepak K.; Malhotra, Ravinder; Kumar, Anand

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.032

Cited by 44 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These non-edible feedstocks include wood and wood waste, animal fats [29,30], non-food crops [42], waste cooking oil [43,44] etc. and non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas [34,[45][46][47][48][49][50], lesquerella oil, cotton seed [21,28,31,32,51], Pongamia glabra [34,52], beauty leaf [53,54], karanja [55], castor oil [32,51,[56][57][58][59][60][61], Salvadora oleoides and linseed oil [28], forestry residues, switchgrass [20], wood [20] and biomass sources [62][63][64][65]. Third generation biodiesels are produced from micro-algal biomass which has a very distinctive growth yield compared to classical lignocellulosic biomass [16,66].…”

Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the type of feedstocks, biodiesel is classified as first generation, second generation and third generation. First generation biodiesels are generally derived from edible food crops and vegetable oils [16,17] including rice, wheat, barley, potato wastes and sugar beets etc., and edible vegetable oils including soybean oil [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], sunflower oil [20,21,[27][28][29]31,34,35], corn oil [20,21,27], olive oil [31,36], palm oil [27,31,34,37], coconut oil [31], rapeseed oil [38], mustard oil [39,40]. Second generation biodiesels are produced from a wide array of feedstocks, ranging from lignocellulosic feedstocks to municipal solid waste and animal fat [16,41].…”

Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Azad

2017

Energies

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Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most popular fruits in tropical and sub-tropical countries around the world. It contains about 22-34 seeds per fruit. This study investigated the potential of non-edible mandarin seed oil as an alternative fuel in Australia. The seeds were prepared after drying in the oven for 20 h to attain an optimum moisture content of around 13.22%. The crude oil was extracted from the crushed seed using 98% n-hexane solution. The biodiesel conversion reaction (transesterification) was designed according to the acid value (mg KOH/g) of the crude oil. The study also critically examined the effect of various reaction parameters (such as effect of methanol: oil molar ratio, % of catalyst concentration, etc.) on the biodiesel conversion yield. After successful conversion of the bio-oil into biodiesel, the physio-chemical fuel properties of the virgin biodiesel were measured according to relevant ASTM standards and compared with ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) and standard biodiesel ASTM D6751. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) using the EN 14103 standard. The behaviour of the biodiesel (variation of density and kinematic viscosity) at various temperatures (10-40 • C) was obtained and compared with that of diesel fuel. Finally, mass and energy balances were conducted for both the oil extraction and biodiesel conversion processes to analyse the total process losses of the system. The study found 49.23 wt % oil yield from mandarin seed and 96.82% conversion efficiency for converting oil to biodiesel using the designated transesterification reaction. The GC test identified eleven FAMEs. The biodiesel mainly contains palmitic acid (C16:0) 26.80 vol %, stearic acid (C18:0) 4.93 vol %, oleic acid (C18:1) 21.43 vol % (including cis. and trans.), linoleic acid (C18:2) 4.07 vol %, and less than one percent each of other fatty acids. It is an important source of energy because it has a higher heating value of 41.446 MJ/kg which is close to ULSD (45.665 MJ/kg). In mass and energy balances, 49.23% mass was recovered as crude bio-oil and 84.48% energy was recovered as biodiesel from the total biomass.

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Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Azad

2017

Energies

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“…Synthesis of surrogate molecules has proved to be particularly useful for generating in sight of structuralactivity relationships, understanding processes and improving the performance (Sarin et al, 2009). In order to improve upon the physico-chemical properties of biodiesel, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and n-butyl esters of b-branched fatty acid have been synthesized, initiating from b-branched alcohols.…”

Section: Biodiesel Surrogatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between the chemical structure of biodiesel and its physical properties

Refaat

2009

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

271

129

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ABSTRACT:Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient, substitution fuel which can fulfill energy security needs without sacrificing engine's operational performance. Thus it provides a feasible solution to the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The properties of the various individual fatty esters that comprise biodiesel determine the overall properties of the biodiesel fuel. In turn, the properties of the various fatty esters are determined by the structural features of the fatty acid and the alcohol moieties that comprise a fatty ester. Better understanding of the structure-physical property relationships in fatty acid esters is of particular importance when choosing vegetable oils that will give the desired biodiesel quality. By having accurate knowledge of the influence of the molecular structure on the properties determined, the composition of the oils and the alcohol used can both be selected to give the optimal performance. In this paper the relationship between the chemical structure and physical properties of vegetable oil esters is reviewed and engineering fatty acid profiles to optimize biodiesel fuel characteristics is highlighted.

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“…In particular, biodiesel as a fuel for diesel engines is widely appealing because it is biodegradable and nontoxic, and compared to standard fuels, it emits less greenhouse gases (GHG) and significantly reduces exhaust emissions and overall life cycle emissions of CO 2 from the engine when burned as a fuel. The research on biodiesel stability has been established as a top priority [23][24][25]. Biofuels can be used for diesel engines in a blended form with conventional diesel without modifications of the engine [26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Canola Oil Biodiesel/Diesel Blends in a Common Rail Diesel Engine

Yoon²,

Kim

et al. 2016

Applied Sciences

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Abstract:In this study, the application effects of canola oil biodiesel/diesel blends in a common rail diesel engine was experimentally investigated. The test fuels were denoted as ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel), BD20 (20% canola oil blended with 80% ULSD by volume), and PCO (pure canola oil), respectively. These three fuels were tested under an engine speed of 1500 rpm with various brake mean effective pressures (BMEPs). The results indicated that PCO can be used well in the diesel engine without engine modification, and that BD20 can be used as a good alternative fuel to reduce the exhaust pollution. In addition, at low engine loads (0.13 MPa and 0.26 MPa), the combustion pressure of PCO is the smallest, compared with BD20 and ULSD, because the lower calorific value of PCO is lower than that of ULSD. However, at high engine loads (0.39 MPa and 0.52 MPa), the rate of heat release (ROHR) of BD20 is the highest because the canola oil biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel that promotes combustion, shortening the ignition delay period. For exhaust emissions, by using canola oil biodiesel, the particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were considerably reduced with increased BMEP. The nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions increased only slightly due to the inherent presence of oxygen in biodiesel.

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Biodiesel surrogates: Achieving performance demands

Cited by 44 publications

References 28 publications

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Correlation between the chemical structure of biodiesel and its physical properties

Application of Canola Oil Biodiesel/Diesel Blends in a Common Rail Diesel Engine

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