Biodiesel purification in microextractors: Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents vs water

Šalić, Anita; Tušek, Ana Jurinjak; Gojun, Martin; Zelić, Bruno

doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116783

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Furthermore, extraction efficiencies are also higher when using ChCl:Gly in most experiments. That agrees with research performed by Šalić et al [33], where the same extraction efficiencies were obtained for a significantly shorter residence time in continuous experiments, where ChCl:Gly was used as the reaction and extraction medium. As for the glycerol content, it can be observed that purity according to standards for the direct use of biodiesel, i.e., glycerol content lower than 0.02% [18], has been achieved in only one run (run 11-0.007%, Table 2).…”

Section: Optimization Of Biodiesel Synthesis and The Glycerol Extraction Processsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The third chosen variable was the molar ratio of choline chloride and a hydrogen bond donor in a DES. Šalić et al [33] highlighted that the extraction efficiency can be increased by changing the ratio of choline chloride and a hydrogen bond donor from 1:1 to 1:3. Therefore, the 1:3 molar ratio was chosen to be the initial value with step set to 1, and 1:2 and 1:4 as the lower and higher levels of the third variable, respectively.…”

Section: Optimization Of Biodiesel Synthesis and The Glycerol Extraction Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DESs composed of choline chloride as the HBA and ethylene-glycol or glycerol as HBDs are most commonly used for biodiesel purification. These DESs effectively remove not only glycerol, which is the most challenging impurity in biodiesel, but also other unwanted compounds such as unreacted products and catalysts [33]. Furthermore, DESs are increasingly being investigated in the context of their use as reaction media, especially in biocatalysis, because some studies have shown that lipases have high activity and stability in DESs in the presence of a certain percentage of water [3,31,34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Continuous Integrated Process of Biodiesel Production and Purification—The End of the Conventional Two-Stage Batch Process?

et al. 2021

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In this research, optimization of the integrated biodiesel production process composed of transesterification of edible sunflower oil, catalyzed by commercial lipase, with simultaneous extraction of glycerol from the reaction mixture was performed. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used in this integrated process as the reaction and extraction media. For two systems, choline chloride:glycerol (ChCl:Gly) and choline chloride:ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG), respectively, the optimal water content, mass ratio of the phase containing the mixture of reactants (oil and methanol) with an enzyme and a DES phase (mass ratio of phases), and the molar ratio of deep eutectic solvent constituents were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). Experiments performed with ChCl:Gly resulted in a higher biodiesel yield and higher glycerol extraction efficiency, namely, a mass ratio of phases of 1:1, a mass fraction of water of 6.6%, and a molar ratio of the ChCl:Gly of 1:3.5 were determined to be the optimal process conditions. When the reaction was performed in a batch reactor under the optimal conditions, the process resulted in a 43.54 ± 0.2% yield and 99.54 ± 0.19% glycerol extraction efficiency (t = 2 h). Unfortunately, the free glycerol content was higher than the one defined by international standards (wG > 0.02%); therefore, the process was performed in a microsystem to enhance the mass transfer. Gaining the same yield and free glycerol content below the standards (wG = 0.0019 ± 0.003%), the microsystem proved to be a good direction for future process optimization.

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Section: Optimization Of Biodiesel Synthesis and The Glycerol Extraction Processsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Optimization Of Biodiesel Synthesis and The Glycerol Extraction Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous Integrated Process of Biodiesel Production and Purification—The End of the Conventional Two-Stage Batch Process?

et al. 2021

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“…This possibility of process duality could prove to be a valuable process optimization procedure for biodiesel production in microreactors. In one of our previous papers [29], ChCl:Gly DES was efficiently used for glycerol removal from biodiesel. By using ChCl:Gly (in ratio 1:3.0) based DES, almost all free glycerol was removed from biodiesel.…”

Section: Influence Of the Reaction Medium On Biodiesel Yield And Volumetric Productivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transesterification in Microreactors—Overstepping Obstacles and Shifting Towards Biodiesel Production on a Microscale

et al. 2020

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Biodiesel, which was earlier used only as an alternative fuel, is now an indispensable component of commercial diesel. Conventional production processes are unable to cope with the increasing demand for biodiesel, and therefore more and more work is being done to intensify the existing processes. The intensification of the biodiesel production process, taking into account the environmental and economic factors, is based on increasing productivity. One way to achieve that is by reducing the volume of production units. The application of the enzymatic reaction path, while reducing the volume of process equipment to the micro-level, has significantly magnified the productivity of the biodiesel production process, which is primarily due to better mass transfer in microsystems. Additional breakthrough is the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) instead of buffers for enzyme stabilization. In this study, a lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TlL) (both commercial and produced by solid-state fermentation) was used as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Edible and waste sunflower oil, as well as methanol, were used as substrates. The reaction mediums were buffer and DES. The transesterification reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and the emphasis was made on different microreactor configurations. The highest yield of 32% for residence time of only τ = 30 min was obtained in the microreactor system with an emulsion of waste oil and a commercial enzyme suspended in a buffer. This indicates that enzymatic transesterification could be a valuable reaction path for dealing with waste oils. Furthermore, biodiesel synthesis in DES showed somewhat lower yields, but by increasing the water content in the system, the reaction could prove much better results. In the end, the effects of reaction conditions on the volumetric productivity of the process were analyzed.

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“…The use of DESs can not only improve the activity and stability of lipase in the enzymatic preparation of biodiesel, and make the product easy to separate, but is also advantageous as a simple, low-cost methodology utilizing solvents of high biodegradability and low toxicity. 11 DESs can thus replace toxic organic solvents and expensive ionic liquids. Mamtani et al 12 discussed and analyzed various applications of DES as a catalyst, co-solvent, and extraction solvent in biodiesel production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A kinetic study of the ultrasonically assisted ethyl esterification of fatty acids using an immobilized lipase catalyst and deep eutectic solvent

Suo

Hao

Zhang

et al. 2022

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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In this study, the esterification reaction kinetics of biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl ester) prepared from waste oil (cooking oil waste and oleic acid mixture) and ethanol at three different temperatures (313.15, 323.15, and 333.15 K) by lipase (Novozym R 435) catalyzed. It was investigated under three different reaction systems of ultrasonic (without DES), deep eutectic solvent (DES, choline chloride: glycerol mole ratio = 1:2, without ultrasonic), and ultrasonic-assisted DES. The results showed that the combination of the ultrasonic and DES had a synergistic effect on the enzymatic reaction. The activation energy of the reaction was the smallest (24.82 kJ/mol) compared to the other two processes (ultrasonic: 34.38 kJ/mol and DES: 29.43 kJ/mol), and the reaction was easier to proceed. Subsequently, the reusability of lipase and the composition of the product were studied. The results showed that the conversion rate of fatty acid ethyl ester decreased from the initial 93.33% to 80.31% when the experiment was repeated five times in the ultrasonic-assisted DES system. The ethyl ester composition of the product was mainly concentrated between C 14 and C 24 , and the proportion of ethyl oleate was the most abundant.

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Biodiesel purification in microextractors: Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents vs water

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Continuous Integrated Process of Biodiesel Production and Purification—The End of the Conventional Two-Stage Batch Process?

Continuous Integrated Process of Biodiesel Production and Purification—The End of the Conventional Two-Stage Batch Process?

Transesterification in Microreactors—Overstepping Obstacles and Shifting Towards Biodiesel Production on a Microscale

A kinetic study of the ultrasonically assisted ethyl esterification of fatty acids using an immobilized lipase catalyst and deep eutectic solvent

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