Biodiesel production through transesterification of a mixture of non-edible oils over lithium supported on activated carbon derived from scrap tires

Nayyef

Sedeeq

2019

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A blend of radish oil (RO) and apricot kernel oil (AKO) was transesterified with methanol, ethanol, and their equivalent mixture, to yield methylic biodiesel (MBD), ethylic biodiesel (EBD), and methylic/ethylic biodiesel (MEBD), respectively with the refining of the so-developed fuels through adsorption onto the activated carbon prepared by ZnCl 2 activation of apricot shells. The best conversion of RO-AKO blend to MBD (96.12 ± 1.25%) and MEBD (94.23 ± 2.22) was attained at KOH concentration, 0.75% w/w of oil, alcohol/oil molar ratio, 6/1, mixing intensity, 600 rpm, reaction temperature, 60°C, and 45-min reaction period, whereas the best conditions that produced the highest yield of EBD (95.19 ± 2.0 %) were KOH concentration, 1.0 KOH % w/w of oil, ethanol/oil molar ratio, 8/1, mixing intensity, 600 rpm, reaction temperature, 65°C, and 75-min reaction period. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed formation of the alkyl esters from the RO-AKO blend. The quality of MBD, EBD, and MEBD obtained from the RO-AKO blend was evaluated and found comparable with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 standards. Additionally, blending of MEBD with petrodiesel was possible, and properties of the blends were in accordance with those established by ASTM D7467-17. The methanolysis of the RO-AKO mixture followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics with activation energy of 27.27 kJ mol −1 . In conclusion, the RO-AKO mixture could be lowcost feedstock for biodiesel production. Moreover, apricot shells could be exploited as a priceless and suitable adsorbent for the adsorption of impurities found in the crude alkyl esters for its high surface area.KEYWORDS radish oil-apricot kernel oil blend, alcoholysis reaction, purification by activated carbon, fuel properties assessment, identification of biodiesel, kinetics

“…Regarding the MBD, the occurrence of a single peak at 3.68 ppm, besides that appeared at 2.31 ppm, certified the transformation of the RO-AKO blend to MBD. 69,70…”

Section: H Nmr and Ftir Analysis Of The Alkyl Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of mixed radish seed oil and Prunus armeniaca L. oil as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production: Evaluation and analysis of biodiesels

Nayyef

Sedeeq

2019

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“…In this regard, bio‐wastes and synthetic waste polymers have widely been exploited in this field 14–18 . Employing the AC in the removal of DBT has been established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyethylene terephthalate waste‐derived activated carbon for adsorptive desulfurization of dibenzothiophene from model gasoline: Kinetics and isotherms evaluation

Saeed

2020

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The present study concentrates on the preparation of activated carbon (AC) from a low‐cost precursor, namely, polyethylene terephthalate waste, as a potential alternative adsorbent to commercially activated carbon for desulfurization of model gasoline at ambient temperature. Polyethylene terephthalate was carbonized at 450°C, and the produced char was steam activated at 750°C for 90 min to prepare the AC. The morphology, crystallinity, and surface functional groups of as‐synthesized adsorbent were examined by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The so‐synthesized AC was employed in the adsorptive desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from model gasoline. The effect of the initial concentration of DBT, AC dose, temperature, and contact time on the removal efficiency of DBT was investigated. The maximum desulfurization level (97.10%) was performed at 40°C using 0.30 g of the AC for 60 min. The Langmuir model best demonstrated the adsorption results with an adsorption capacity of 49.56 mg/g. The pseudo‐second‐order model best described the adsorption kinetics of DBT by the so‐synthesized AC. The obtained consequences exhibited that AC with high desulfurization capability could be synthesized from polyethylene terephthalate waste.

“…A molar ratio of 5:1 was sufficient to yield the highest conversion of the esterified MTSO to corresponding esters. The BD yield declined as the molar ratios exceeded 5:1 due to the increment of glycerin solubility in the alcohol, which hardens the ester phase's separation from the glycerin phase 32 . The same observations were also announced by Niju et al 4 upon methanolysis of Madhuca indica oil to BD.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Biodiesel production from milk thistle seed oil as nonedible oil by cosolvent esterification–transesterification process

Saeed

Khalaf

2021

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The crude oil extracted from milk thistle seeds was employed as a precursor for creating biodiesel (BD) via the cosolvent esterification–transesterification process. The high acid value of the extracted oil (11.90 mg KOH/g) encouraged its pre‐esterification in the occurrence of hexane as a cosolvent. The cosolvent esterification of oil diminished its acidity index to below 2.0 mg KOH/g using 1.5:1 hexane:methanol volume ratio, 50°C, 60‐min reaction time, 6:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, and 0.75 wt.% HCl. Alcoholysis reaction of the esterified oil with methanol and a blend of methanol:ethanol to synthesize, respectively, methylic BD and methylic/ethylic BD was accomplished in the presence of hexane as a cosolvent as well. Under the ideal reaction conditions, methylic BD yield and methylic/ethylic BD yield were 96.23% and 95.63%, respectively. The Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra affirmed the lipid transformation from milk thistle seeds into BD. The attained samples of BD exhibited properties conforming to those specified by ASTM D6751. Also, the cosolvent methanolysis kinetic obeyed the pseudo‐first‐order with 35.94 KJ/mol activation energy and 6.32‐s frequency factor.