Biodiesel Production Potential from Littered Edible Oil Fraction Using Directly Synthesized S-TiO2/MCM-41 Catalyst in Esterification Process via Non-Catalytic Subcritical Hydrolysis

Abstract

Due to uncontrolled consumption of fossil fuel it is necessary to use alternative resources as renewable energy. Among all the available liquid fuels biodiesel has drawn attention for producing less emissions and having less aromatic contents than diesel and because it can also be obtained from inferior grade feedstocks. Since the various uses of fats and oils have increased, a significant amount of waste animal fat and used edible oil is generated every year. In this work, we produced biodiesel from littered edible oil fraction (LEOF) via hydrolysis followed by catalytic esterification. Nearly 90% free fatty acids (FFA) content was achieved at 275 • C, after 45 min during hydrolysis and linoleic acid (C18:2) was observed to be the highest component. Compared to refined soybean oil (SBO) the reaction rate was accelerated by the auto-catalytic behavior of free fatty acids (FFA) in littered edible oil fraction (LEOF). For catalytic esterification, S-TiO 2 /MCM-41 catalyst was directly synthesized and characterized by using XRD, SEM, NH 3 -TPD and Brunauer Emmett Teller (B.E.T). The parameters such as; SO 4 −2 content, TiO 2 loading and calcination temperature were varied to get optimum free fatty acids (FFA) conversion. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion was 99.29% using 1% S-TiO 2 /MCM-41 catalyst at 240 • C whereas 86.18% was observed with 3.5% catalyst at 180 • C with 20 min. Thus, using S-TiO 2 /MCM-41 catalyst in esterification via hydrolysis would be a better option for treating low quality feedstocks.

Biodiesel Production from a Novel Nonedible Feedstock, Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Seed Oil

“…Biodiesel has been mainly produced from edible oil using an acid, alkali, or enzyme catalyst [6,7]. Nevertheless, the use of edible oil as a feedstock increases the production cost of biodiesel [8], thus limiting the commercialization of biodiesel.…”

Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using S–TiO2/SBA-15 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

“…The effect of the reaction parameters (methanol-to-oil molar ratio, reaction time, catalyst loading, and temperature) on the biodiesel yield was studied. The range of each parameter was chosen based on the available literature [2,4,12,20,39]. The conversion rate of FFAs to biodiesel during the esterification process was calculated using Equation (1) below [2,[40][41][42]: % conversion FFA (biodiesel yield) = AV FFA − AV BD /AV FFA ,…”

“…The decrease in the surface area, pore volume, and pore size are due to the gradual accumulation of the metal oxide species blocking some of the pores of the support during preparation. However, the decrease in the surface area is very small, suggesting that the active sulfated metal oxide species are highly dispersed on the surface of the support [2,4]. Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of the support and catalyst as measured using an X-ray diffractometer system (D/MAX-2500V).…”

“…A large amount of WCO is generated around the world every day. Usually, WCO is dumped into a nearby river or sewer, disturbing the ecological and environmental balance [4,32]. It can be seen from Table 6 that the biodiesel yield from waste cooking oil can be higher than that from vegetables oils or animal fats, if a suitable catalytic method is applied.…”

“…Recently, biodiesel has become the most promising alternative energy source to address the energy and global warming crises because of its cost effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and renewability [1]. Biodiesel is composed of fatty acid mono alkyl esters and is synthesized by esterification or transesterification of vegetable oils [2], animal fats [3,4], or waste oils with methanol in the presence or absence of acid, base, or enzyme catalyst [5][6][7].…”