Biodiesel production from wild olive oil using TPA decorated Cr–Al acid heterogeneous catalyst

Tungsten oxide supported on copper ferrite: a novel magnetic acid heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from low quality feedstock

“…In general, reactions using acid catalysts require high temperatures due to low diffusion and reaction speed. 47 Thus, the use of high temperatures has advantages to the reaction system, such as: increase in molecular collisions, kinetic energies and degrees of miscibility between the reagents. These factors favor the activation of the carbonyl group from the waste cooking oil triacylglycerols, allowing the nucleophilic attack of methanol, resulting in the production of methyl esters by the transesterification route.…”

Advancement in utilization of magnetic catalysts for production of sustainable biofuels

“…In contrast, heterogeneous catalysts (e.g., zeolites, heteropolyacids, metal oxides, etc.) have attracted growing interest owing to their low pollution and easy recovery ( Woo et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022b ; Paiva et al, 2022 ; Ul Islam et al, 2022 ). However, high-efficiency separation of the catalyst from the liquid phase and reduction of catalyst loss remain challenges.…”

Levulinic Acid Production from Waste Corncob Biomass Using an Environmentally Benign WO3-Grafted ZnCo2O4@CeO2 Bifunctional Heterogeneous Catalyst

“…Various acid precursors such as SO 3 H, TPA, MoO 3 , and WO 3 have been used to develop a heterogeneous catalyst for different applications. However, among them, the WO 3 acid precursor has been identified as a promising active species to develop a robust heterogeneous catalyst due to its numerous advantages such as high chemical stability, low toxicity, low cost, great abundance, and high recyclability .…”