Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using a novel surface functionalised TiO2 nano-catalyst

Abstract

Please cite this article as: J. Gardy, A. Hassanpour, X. Lai, M.H. Ahmed, M. Rehan, Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using a novel surface functionalised TiO 2 nano-catalyst, Applied Catalysis B, Environmental (2017), http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.080 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Highlights• A novel, efficient and recyclable mesoporous TiO 2 /PrSO 3 H solid acid nano-catalyst was synthesised.• We examined the catalytic activity, stability and reusability of synthesised mesoporous TiO 2 /PrSO 3 H.• The FAME yield from UCO was 98.3% under optimum process conditions.• Synthesised biodiesel from UCO satisfied ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. ABSTRACTA novel, efficient and recyclable mesoporous TiO 2 /PrSO 3 H solid acid nano-catalyst was synthesised by the post-synthetic grafting of propyl sulfonic acid groups onto a mixed phase of a TiO 2 support. The synthesised nano-catalyst was characterised using FTIR, SEM, TEM, XPS, N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRD, DSC, TGA, and CHNS analysis. The percentage of loading for propyl sulfonic acid on the TiO 2 support was calculated using CHNS analysis and TGA. The catalytic performance of TiO 2 /PrSO 3 H on the production of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) via simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions from used cooking oil (UCO) has been studied. The effects of different process parameters showed that 98.3% of FAME can be obtained after 9 hrs of reaction time with 1:15 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 60°C reaction temperature and 4.5 wt% catalyst loading. It was also found that the one-pot post-surface functionalisation strategy with hydrophilic functional groups (-SO 3 H) enhanced the acid strengths of the nano-catalyst providing more acid sites for the reactants, and improving the accessibility of methanol to the

Influence of calcination temperature on the activity of mesoporous CaO/TiO2–ZrO2 catalyst in the esterification reaction

“…The CTZ-400 nanocatalyst preserved its catalytic activity after five runs without any remarkable decrease in the conversion which indicated its excellent property for industrial usage. Increasing the stability of CTZ-400 can be corresponded to Ti cations, which increased the stability of the catalyst as reported by other researchers [19][20][21].…”

“…Mesoporous propyl sulfonic acid supported on TiO 2 was also examined in the transesterification reaction and 98.3% of FAME was obtained after 9 h of reaction time with 1:15 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 60 °C reaction temperature and 4.5 wt% catalyst loading [19]. Gardy et al [20] fabricated magnetic SO 4 /Fe-Al-TiO 2 to transesterified waste cooking oil.…”

Design of Ordered Mesoporous Sulfonic Acid Functionalized ZrO2/organosilica Bifunctional Catalysts for Direct Catalytic Conversion of Glucose to Ethyl Levulinate

“…Figure d displays the high‐resolution XPS spectra of three bifunctional catalysts in the S 2p binding energy region, which were deconvoluted into two peaks centered at 168.5, and 170.1 eV, corresponding to S 2p 3/2 , and S 2p 1/2 spin‐orbit components, respectively . Therefore, the ZrO 2 (Nb 2 O 5 /TiO 2 )‐PMO supports were successfully sulfonated by ClSO 3 H.…”

Biodiesel Production Using Solid Acid Catalysts Based on Metal Oxides

“…% catalyst loading. The solid acid nanocatalyst was recycled four times without significant loss of catalytic efficiency [86].…”