“…Apart from the production of biodiesel, the transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol can be used for the production of raw materials for the chemical industry, for example, for the production of isopropyl esters and fatty alcohols, or for the production of non-ionic biodegradable surfactants such as alkanolamides and alkyl glucosides [24]. In practice, transesterification is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, either homogeneous or heterogeneous [25]. To carry out the reaction in mild conditions and to control the product selectivity, this process is carried out with a homogeneous catalyst, either acid catalysts, e.g., sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) [1], hydrochloric acid (HCl) [26] or base catalysts, e.g., sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) [24], sodium methoxide (CH 3 ONa), potassium methoxide (CH 3 OK) [3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As the reactants and products are in a phase different than the catalyst, separating the catalyst from the products is easy and enables regeneration and reuse. Heterogeneous catalysts are less corrosive than their homogeneous counterparts, are easier to handle and are strong, long-lasting and durable [25]. Examples of heterogeneous catalysts used in the transesterification of vegetable oils are alkaline earth metal oxides and derivates (CaO, MgO, SrO), boron and carbon group elements (generally loaded on alumina) [27], amorphous zirconium oxide, zeolites, titanium and potassium zirconia's [11], sulphated oxides (SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 ), cation-exchanged resins, tungstated zirconia-alumina (WZA-e.g., WO 3 /ZrO 2 ) [27].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, zeolite can be obtained from components of natural origin, i.e., clay, rocks and ash residues from solid fuel combustion, containing large amounts of oxygen, silicon and aluminum with a similar chemical composition to zeolites [4]. Natural zeolites (NZ) are an abundant and low-cost resource [25]. Due to the porous structure with the capacity to accommodate small molecules (such as triglycerides) and chemical and thermal stability, zeolites are considered potential catalysts for biodiesel production [25].…”
This work provides valuable information about unexplored catalytic systems tested in the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil with methanol. It was demonstrated that natural zeolite treatment leads to enhanced catalytic activity and yield of biodiesel production. The activation of the catalytic material in a mixture of 5% H2–95% Ar resulted in an improvement of the values of the TG conversion and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield. In addition, it was proven that the incorporation of CaO, MgO and SrO oxides onto the natural zeolite surface improves the TG conversion and FAME yield values in the transesterification reaction.
“…Apart from the production of biodiesel, the transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol can be used for the production of raw materials for the chemical industry, for example, for the production of isopropyl esters and fatty alcohols, or for the production of non-ionic biodegradable surfactants such as alkanolamides and alkyl glucosides [24]. In practice, transesterification is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, either homogeneous or heterogeneous [25]. To carry out the reaction in mild conditions and to control the product selectivity, this process is carried out with a homogeneous catalyst, either acid catalysts, e.g., sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) [1], hydrochloric acid (HCl) [26] or base catalysts, e.g., sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) [24], sodium methoxide (CH 3 ONa), potassium methoxide (CH 3 OK) [3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As the reactants and products are in a phase different than the catalyst, separating the catalyst from the products is easy and enables regeneration and reuse. Heterogeneous catalysts are less corrosive than their homogeneous counterparts, are easier to handle and are strong, long-lasting and durable [25]. Examples of heterogeneous catalysts used in the transesterification of vegetable oils are alkaline earth metal oxides and derivates (CaO, MgO, SrO), boron and carbon group elements (generally loaded on alumina) [27], amorphous zirconium oxide, zeolites, titanium and potassium zirconia's [11], sulphated oxides (SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 ), cation-exchanged resins, tungstated zirconia-alumina (WZA-e.g., WO 3 /ZrO 2 ) [27].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, zeolite can be obtained from components of natural origin, i.e., clay, rocks and ash residues from solid fuel combustion, containing large amounts of oxygen, silicon and aluminum with a similar chemical composition to zeolites [4]. Natural zeolites (NZ) are an abundant and low-cost resource [25]. Due to the porous structure with the capacity to accommodate small molecules (such as triglycerides) and chemical and thermal stability, zeolites are considered potential catalysts for biodiesel production [25].…”
This work provides valuable information about unexplored catalytic systems tested in the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil with methanol. It was demonstrated that natural zeolite treatment leads to enhanced catalytic activity and yield of biodiesel production. The activation of the catalytic material in a mixture of 5% H2–95% Ar resulted in an improvement of the values of the TG conversion and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield. In addition, it was proven that the incorporation of CaO, MgO and SrO oxides onto the natural zeolite surface improves the TG conversion and FAME yield values in the transesterification reaction.
“…The impregnation and irradiation methods were believed to be some methods to increase catalytic-activity of CaO and overcome the disadvantages above. The application of natural zeolite as catalyst support for KOH and K2CO3 has been studied by some researches [11,12]. However, the application of natural zeolite as catalyst support for CaO or CEA has never been conducted.…”
In the present work, an attempt had been made to utilize chicken eggshells ash and natural zeolite as a promising catalyst for biodiesel formation. Solid chicken eggshells ash (CEA) was produced through the calcination of chicken eggshells. The CEA was mixed with natural zeolite at a mass ratio of 1:3. This mixture was then used as catalyst in biodiesel formation. Biodiesel was sunthesized via the transesterification of treated waste cooking oil (TWCO) with methanol at temperature of 55-65 o C, methanol to TWCO molar ratio (MTMR) of 8:1-14:1, reaction time of 90-210 min, and catalyst load of 6-10%. The properties of biodiesel obtained were measured such as methyl ester content, flash point, density, viscosity, and compared to the European Standard (EU 14214). The highest yield of 96.8% was occurred at a MTMR of 12:1, 65°C, 180 minutes, and 8 wt% of catalyst load. The results of this study confirmed that natural zeolite addition could improve the catalytic activity of CEA. Therefore, the combination of CEA and natural zeolite may be used as a low-cost catalyst in biodiesel formation.
“…Adding a buffer such as natural zeolite (NZ) to CEA can overcome these problems and can increase the catalytic ability of CEA [3]. In addition to acting as a CEA buffer, NZ itself has the ability to support Na2CO3 and KOH catalysts [8,9].…”
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