Biodiesel production by free fatty acid esterification using lanthanum (La3+) and HZSM-5 based catalysts

Abstract

In this work the use of the heterogeneous catalysts pure (LO) and sulfated (SLO) lanthanum oxide, pure HZSM-5 and SLO/HZSM-5 (HZSM-5 impregnated with sulfated lanthanum oxide (SO4(2-)/La2O3)) was evaluated. The structural characterization of the materials (BET) showed that the sulfation process led to a reduction of the SLO and SLO/HZSM-5 surface area values. FTIR showed bands characteristic of the materials and, FTIR-pyridine indicated the presence of strong Brønsted sites on the sulfated material. In the catalytic tests the temperature was the parameter that most influenced the reactions. The best reaction conditions were: 10% catalyst, 100°C temperature and 1:5 m(OA)/m(meOH) for LO, SLO, SLO/HZSM-5 and 10% catalyst, 100°C temperature and 1:20 m(OA)/m(meOH) for HZSM-5. Under these conditions the conversions were: 67% and 96%, for LO and SLO, respectively and 80% and 100%, for HZSM-5 and SLO/HZSM-5, respectively. All catalysts deactivated after the first use, but the deactivation of SLO/HZSM-5 was smaller.

Efficient synthesis of biodiesel over well-dispersed sulfated mesoporous SiO 2 colloidal spheres

“…The optimal molar ratio of methanol:FFA was 40:1. Similar results can also be found in the literature [44]. At this ratio, oleic acid gave a 98.5% conversion over the S-0.5 colloidal spheres under other conditions of 5 wt.% of catalyst useage amount, and 8 h reaction time (Table 1, entry 3).…”

A review on recent advancement in catalytic materials for biodiesel production

“…After cerium doping, HUSY zeolite catalyst assisted 99.80% soybean oil conversion after 1440 min of ethanolysis reaction performed at 200 1C using ethanol-to-oil molar ratio of 30:1 and 0.001 mol catalyst [142]. Vieira et al [143] reported that sulfated lanthanum oxide impregnated HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst assisted complete conversion of oleic acid to biodiesel. It was reported that it took 420 min to achieve complete conversion of oleic acid when subjected to a methanolysis reaction using temperature of 100 1C, methanol-to-oleic acid molar ratio of 10:1, and 10 wt% catalyst amount.…”

“…Cerveró et al [158] used Novozym-435 (macroporous resins immobilized form of lipase Candida antárctica) for a step-wise biodiesel production from soybean oil. It was reported Table 8 Some heterogeneous acid catalysts for alcoholysis reaction [135][136][137][138][140][141][142][143]145,146,148,[150][151][152]. that the degree of deactivation of catalyst was inversely proportional to the number of carbon atoms in the linear lower alcohols.…”

Zirconium-containing metal organic frameworks as solid acid catalysts for the esterification of free fatty acids: Synthesis of biodiesel and other compounds of interest

“…wastes and by-products of industrial biomass processing or from food processing plants [3]) is the direct esterification of FFA with low molecular weight alcohols (methanol or ethanol), as shown in Scheme 1.…”