Biodiesel processing and production

Gerpen, Jon Van

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.005

Cited by 1,848 publications

(963 citation statements)

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“…Used oil will have a higher percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) produced from hydrolysis of triglycerides at high temperatures during the frying process. Before starting the transesterification process, these free fatty acids must be removed with a base or preprocessed with acid esterification to esters (Van Gerpen, 2005). The oils used in transesterification should be substantially anhydrous (0.06% w/w).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil

Refaat

Attia

Sibak

et al. 2007

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

183

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Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures because of its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. In Egypt, millions L. of oil used for frying foods are discarded each year into sewage systems. Thus, it adds to the cost of treating effluent or pollutes waterways. This study is intended to consider aspects related to the feasibility of the production of biodiesel from waste/recycled oils in an attempt to help reduce the cost of biodiesel and reduce waste and pollution coming from waste oils. The variables affecting the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced from used frying oil were studied, the achieved results were analyzed and a set of recommendations was proposed. From the obtained results, the best yield percentage was obtained using a methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%) and 65 °C temperature for one hour. The yield percentage obtained from waste vegetable oil was comparable to that obtained from neat vegetable oil which reached 96.15% under optimum conditions. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel, whether from neat vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil, was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil

Refaat

Attia

Sibak

et al. 2007

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

183

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show abstract

“…These values can be explained from the differences in cooking processes and the quality of the original feedstock. According to Kulkarni and Dalai (2006) if the FFA content exceeds 1-3 %, the use of a pre-treatment is highly recommended in order to succeed in the transesterification process; among the pre-treatment of choice, acid esterification is considered the best route to convert the FFA into esters; however, it can lead to the formation of water and to sample loss of up to 4 % (Ahmad et al 2010;Van Gerpen 2005;Kumar et al 2007;Kombe et al 2012).…”

Section: Free Fatty Acids and Neutralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel production from three mixes of oils with high free fatty content: quality evaluation and variable analysis

Ortíz

Quintero

Arévalo

2016

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Due to the excessive use of fossil fuels around the world, more environmentally friendly alternatives have been studied. Technologies for the production of ethanol, biogas and biodiesel are focusing on the importance of improving costs and efficiency. Biodiesel can be used in automotive internal combustion, is biodegradable and has no presence of metals, however, it lacks competitiveness versus petrodiesel mainly by the high cost of the pure oils used for its production. The aim of this study was to obtain biodiesel from oil samples with high content of free fatty acids ([1 %) obtained from three fast food restaurants using their molecular weight and acidity index values in order to neutralize the free fatty acids in a one-step reaction and perform a screening for optimal conditions for transesterification. The experimental design consisted of two reaction times (60 and 90 min); four methanoloil molar ratios-6:1, 10:1, 15:1 and 20:1; and two catalysts (NaOH and KOH) at three concentrations 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % with a constant temperature of 60°C and 500 rpm. The optimum conditions for the different waste cooking oil feedstocks were established reaching a final yield up to 85.53 % of biodiesel, concluding that there is viability of production through the use of this raw material and free fatty acids neutralization technique, obtaining a biofuel that meets international quality standards.

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“…Na literatura podem ser encontrados diversos outros tipos de catalisadores heterogêneos que, em geral, podem ser classificados em três grandes grupos: catalisadores sólidos alcalinos, catalisadores sólidos ácidos e enzimas imobilizadas. 9,14,[87][88][89] muitos catalisadores heterogêneos têm mostrado alta eficiência e atividade na reação de transesterificação e também na esterificação de ácidos graxos livres, porém sempre sob alta temperatura e pressão, além de longos tempos reacionais requeridos. isso tem limitado muito a aplicação industrial dos mesmos, a despeito de simplificarem o processo de produção facilitando a separação do catalisador e as etapas de purificação.…”

Section: Catálise Heterogênea áCida E Alcalinaunclassified

“…isso tem limitado muito a aplicação industrial dos mesmos, a despeito de simplificarem o processo de produção facilitando a separação do catalisador e as etapas de purificação. 9,[87][88][89] Até o presente só existe uma descrição da produção comercial de biodiesel por transesterificação baseada no emprego de um catalisador heterogêneo que tem sido comercializado pelo instituo Francês do Petróleo (iFP) e pela empresa Axens. 90,91 o uso desse catalisador, que é um óxido de zinco e alumínio e que seria 100% insolúvel no meio reacional e, portanto, realmente heterogêneo, foi anunciado em 2004 e provavelmente pelo alto consumo energético (alta temperatura e alta pressão) do processo, assim como pela sua baixa atividade, não tem resultado em uma utilização expressiva no mercado internacional.…”

Section: Catálise Heterogênea áCida E Alcalinaunclassified

Biodiesel: visão crítica do status atual e perspectivas na academia e na indústria

Dabdoub¹,

Bronzel²,

Rampin³

2009

Quím. Nova

103

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Recebido em 27/2/09; aceito em 31/3/09; publicado na web em 7/4/09 BioDiESEL: A CRiTiCAL oVERViEW oN THE CURRENT STATUS AND PERSPECTiVES AT THE ACADEmY AND iNDUSTRY. This article presents a bibliographic review of research carried out on different alternative processes for biodiesel production. The supercritical and subcritical (non catalytic) reaction conditions, the use of solid basic, solid acid and other heterogeneous catalysts, including the use of immobilized enzymes and whole-cell catalysts are also critically compared with the traditional homogeneous alkaline or acid catalysts that are common on industrial applications. Advantages and limitations of all these processes for the transference from the laboratory to the industry are discussed. A correlation of the chemical composition with the quality parameters of the produced biodiesel is done with aim to stablish adequate procedures for the right selection of the rawmaterial. Castor bean oil is used as an example of inappropriate oil in order to produce a B100 that fulfill all the international physicochemical quality standards. in this article are presented research results to adequate the values of viscosity, density and iodine number of the castor and soybean biodiesel to the international standard limits by means blending these both biodiesels at the right ratio.Keywords: transesterification; biodiesel; catalysts. introduÇãoAumento da demanda mundial por combustíveis líquidos, aquecimento global, segurança energética, vontade política por desenvolvimento nos campos agrícola, social e também energético são pontos que abrem novas áreas de interesse e oportunidades para pesquisas e desenvolvimento na Academia e na indústria, pois são as forças motoras responsáveis pelo renovado interesse na produção de biocombustíveis.Um dos grandes destaques da atualidade na área de biocombustí-veis é o interesse pelo uso de recursos naturais baseados em materiais lignocelulósicos 1-3 para a produção de etanol ou por fontes produtoras de lipídeos usados para a produção de biodiesel.Biodiesel é o nome dado a ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos desde que atendam certos parâmetros de qualidade. 4-8 Além de esses ésteres serem derivados de fontes biológicas como plantas e animais, atuam como combustível substituto ao diesel de petróleo, com desempenho muito próximo, não exigindo modificações nos motores. Tradicionalmente o biodiesel é produzido através das reações de transesterificação de triglicerídeos, usando geralmente catalisadores alcalinos, 9 ou da esterificação de ácidos graxos livres, sendo que neste último caso, os ácidos graxos livres (AGLs) são submetidos à reação direta com um álcool de 4 carbonos ou menos, na presença de catalisadores ácidos. 10-12 mais recentemente o uso de diversos catalisadores heterogêneos tem sido descrito na literatura. 13 Transesterificação é o processo de transformação de um éster carboxílico em outro, através da troca do grupo Ro -presente no éster original, por outro grupo semelhante proveniente de um álcool na presença de um catalisa...

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Biodiesel processing and production

Cited by 1,848 publications

References 22 publications

Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil

Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil

Biodiesel production from three mixes of oils with high free fatty content: quality evaluation and variable analysis

Biodiesel: visão crítica do status atual e perspectivas na academia e na indústria

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