Biodiesel from rice bran lipids: resource assessment and technological review

Abstract

Dilute acid hydrolysis as a method of producing sugar-rich hydrolysates and lipiddense cake residues from copra cake",

In-situ (trans)esterification of lipid-dense post-hydrolysis rice bran at ambient pressures with low acid loading

“…From the Taguchi method discussed in earlier sections, the optimum conditions in a stirred batch reactor at ambient pressure which gave the best conversion of 82% with a purity of 85% FAME in the product was at 65 • C, with a reaction time of 12 h. Summarized in Table 5 are the reported studies adopting RB and PHRB as feedstock for FAME production. To achieve comparable conversion or higher than those observed in this study at a short reaction time (1-4 h) and under ambient pressures was only possible for RB with lipids having significantly high FFA content (48-68%) while requiring high amounts of H 2 SO 4 at 18.4 and 27.6% of the solid [9,19,35]. In view of SSR, RB with lipids having higher FFA (48-68%) required lower SSR (≤10 mL/g) [9,19] to achieve their best conversion performances as compared to those with low FFA (<40%), which required an SSR of over 10 mL/g to achieve high conversion [20], but higher SSR does not ensure complete conversion [35].…”

“…To achieve comparable conversion or higher than those observed in this study at a short reaction time (1-4 h) and under ambient pressures was only possible for RB with lipids having significantly high FFA content (48-68%) while requiring high amounts of H 2 SO 4 at 18.4 and 27.6% of the solid [9,19,35]. In view of SSR, RB with lipids having higher FFA (48-68%) required lower SSR (≤10 mL/g) [9,19] to achieve their best conversion performances as compared to those with low FFA (<40%), which required an SSR of over 10 mL/g to achieve high conversion [20], but higher SSR does not ensure complete conversion [35]. For RB with lipids having high acylglycerides would require the use of ultrasound irradiation to achieve an appreciable conversion of ~75% while keeping the SSR at 10 mL/g [19].…”

“…i Acid sites relative to solid (including lipid and moisture). # Nomenclature and method for the estimations for the responses or entries for acid catalyzed ISTE of RB lipids or PHRB are adopted from a previously published review [35] by the same group of authors, with the original source of the relevant information cited in the table. * Entries to the table are calculated based on available information to facilitate comparison.…”