Biodiesel from Oilseeds in the Canadian Prairies and Supply-Chain Models for Exploring Production Cost Scenarios: A Review

Abstract

Canada recently implemented a federal mandate of 2% of renewable content in diesel fuel and heating oil. Federal-level biofuel strategy is currently more geared to bioethanol, as nonfood oils continue to be more cost-competitive and canola seeded area is forecast to increase 10% as a new record due to strong prices and high expected yields. Increasing focus is therefore being placed on alternative oilseeds as nonfood crops for biodiesel and their ability to adapt to the semiarid conditions of the Canadian Prairies and provide benefits in nutrient and water-use efficiency when introduced into the crop rotation. Systems engineering and supply-chain modeling and optimization will have an increasingly important role in decision making for designating supply units, the linkage of processes and chains, and biorefinery system design. However, current models require further enhancement to address current challenging questions: (1) changing spatial considerations (e.g., land use and suitability for feedstocks), (2) changing temporal dynamics of supply and risk of climate extreme impacts on transportation networks (road, rail, pipeline), price volatility, changes in policy targets and subsidy regimes, process technological change, and multigenerational biorefinery systems engineering advancements. Greater integration internationally in model development and testing would improve sensitivity and reliability in their system-level predictions and forecasts.

Integrated Soybean Biorefinery

“…(2) need to adjust the raw material; (3) the use of high toxicity intermediate products; (4) generation of a significant by-product volume (glycerol) with a level of contamination that requires high investments to its use or discharge; (5) the use of methanol which, besides toxic, needs fossil fuels, as raw material, to be produced in the form of energy; (6) difficulty in recycling the catalyst; (7) need to remove the glycerol from biodiesel; and (8) high environmental impact associated.…”

“…Soybean (Glycine L.) accounts for 60% of the world's oilseed production, followed by cottonseed (Gossypium herbaceum L.), which accounts for 10% of the global production [4]. Global soybean production in 2016 was 324 million tons, a significant increase of 17% compared to 2013.…”