Biodiesel: Effects on Exhaust Constituents

McDonald, Joseph; Spears, Matthew

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-72269-1_11

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Despite the higher fraction, the SOF present in the exhaust emissions of the biodiesel were found to contain a much lower PAH concentration (Figure 9). This may be explained by the absence of PAH compounds in the biodiesel fuel, in contrast to petroleum diesel (21,(23)(24)(25). Moreover, the PAH analysis and speciation ( Figure 10) may be attributed to the oxygenated ester group present in the biodiesel chemical structure.…”

Section: Unregulated Emission Tests Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Brassica carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions

Cardone

Prati

Rocco

et al. 2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

181

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A comparison of the performance of Brassica carinata oil-derived biodiesel with a commercial rapeseed oil-derived biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel is discussed as regards engine performance and regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions. B. carinata is an oil crop that can be cultivated in coastal areas of central-southern Italy, where it is more difficult to achieve the productivity potentials of Brassica napus (by far the most common rapeseed cultivated in continental Europe). Experimental tests were carried out on a turbocharged direct injection passenger car diesel engine fueled with 100% biodiesel. The unregulated exhaust emissions were characterized by determining the SOOT and soluble organic fraction content in the particulate matter, together with analysis of the content and speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are potentially carcinogenic, and of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones) that act as ozone precursors. B. carinata and commercial biodiesel behaved similarly as far as engine performance and regulated and unregulated emissions were concerned. When compared with petroleum diesel fuel, the engine test bench analysis did not show any appreciable variation of output engine torque values, while there was a significant difference in specific fuel consumption data at the lowest loads for the biofuels and petroleum diesel fuel. The biofuels were observed to produce higher levels of NOx concentrations and lower levels of PM with respect to the diesel fuel. The engine heat release analysis conducted shows that there is a potential for increased thermal NOx generation when firing biodiesel with no prior modification to the injection timing. It seems that, for both the biofuels, this behavior is caused by an advanced combustion evolution, which is particularly apparent at the higher loads. When compared with petroleum diesel fuel, biodiesel emissions contain less SOOT, and a greater fraction of the particulate was soluble. The analysis and speciation of the soluble organic fraction of biodiesel particulate suggest that the carcinogenic potential of the biodiesel emissions is probably lower than that of petroleum diesel. Its better adaptivity and productivity in clay and sandy-type soils and in semiarid temperate climate and the fact that the performance of its derived biodiesel is quite similar to commercial biodiesel make B. carinata a promising oil crop that could offer the possibility of exploiting the Mediterranean marginal areas for energetic purposes.

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Section: Unregulated Emission Tests Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Brassica carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions

Cardone

Prati

Rocco

et al. 2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

181

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“…The use of plant oils has been experimented with for a number of decades on a local basis, but is not extensively implemented as of yet. Limited evidence suggests that the exhausts from biofuel methyl esters of rape seed oil and soy oils have generated lesser emissions of volatile organic constituents and particle mass when compared to conventional DE (Hemmingsen et al, 2011; McDonald et al, 1997). However, it has been shown that atmospheric aging of biodiesel exhausts generates more ozone than aging of DE (Schröder et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative cardiopulmonary toxicity of exhausts from soy-based biofuels and diesel in healthy and hypertensive rats

Bass

Schladweiler

Nyska

et al. 2015

Inhalation Toxicology

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Increased use of renewable energy sources raise concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed relative cardiopulmonary health effects of exhausts from (1) 100% soy biofuel (B100), (2) 20% soy biofuel + 80% low sulfur petroleum diesel (B20), and (3) 100% petroleum diesel (B0) in rats. Normotensive Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed to these three exhausts at 0, 50, 150 and 500 μg/m3, 4 h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks (5 days/week). In addition, WKY rats were exposed for 1 day and responses were analyzed 0 h, 1 day or 4 days later for time-course assessment. Hematological parameters, in vitro platelet aggregation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of pulmonary injury and inflammation, ex vivo aortic ring constriction, heart and aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction, thrombosis and atherogenesis were analyzed. The presence of pigmented macrophages in the lung alveoli was clearly evident with all three exhausts without apparent pathology. Overall, exposure to all three exhausts produced only modest effects in most endpoints analyzed in both strains. BALF γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity was the most consistent marker and was increased in both strains, primarily with B0 (B0>B100>B20). This increase was associated with only modest increases in BALF neutrophils. Small and very acute increases occurred in aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction and thrombosis with B100 but not B0 in WKY rats. Our comparative evaluations show modest cardiovascular and pulmonary effects at low concentrations of all exhausts: B0 causing more pulmonary injury and B100 more acute vascular effects. BALF GGT activity could serve as a sensitive biomarker of inhaled pollutants.

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“…Counting was performed using a handheld digital colony counter (LA 663, Himedia). Mutagenic response was classified as positive if a reproducible dose-dependent increase of the number of revertant colonies over and above those in the negative control was observed [ 27 ]. Mutagenic activity was calculated from the positive slope of the dose-response curve using the regression coefficient b , where y = a + bx .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of BTX Profiles and Their Mutagenicity Assessment at Two Sites of Agra, India

Singla

Pachauri

Satsangi

et al. 2012

The Scientific World Journal

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In the present study, the concentrations of three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), namely, acronym for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) were assessed because of their role in the tropospheric chemistry. Two representative sites, a roadside and a petrol pump, were chosen for sample collection. VOCs were collected using SKC-activated charcoal tubes and SKC personal sampler and characterized by gas chromatograph using flame ionization detector. Among BTX, benzene had the highest concentration. At the roadside, mean concentration of benzene, toluene, o-,m-xylene, and p-xylene were 14.7 ± 2.4 μgm−3, 8.1 ± 1.2 μgm−3, 2.1 ± 0.8 μgm−3, and 5.1 ± 1.2 μgm−3, respectively. At the petrol pump, the mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, o-,m-xylene and p-xylene were 19.5 ± 3.7 μgm−3, 12.9 ± 1.1 μgm−3, 3.6 ± 0.5 μgm−3 and 11.1 ± 1.5 μgm−3, respectively, and were numerically higher by a fraction of 2. Monthly variation of BTX showed maximum concentration in winter. Inter-species ratios and inter-species correlation indicated traffic as the major source of BTX. Extracts of samples were positive in both Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA100 without metabolic activation suggesting the presence of direct mutagens in ambient air that can cause both frame-shift and base-pair mutation. The mutagenic response was greater for TA100 than TA98 suggesting greater activity for base-pair mutagenicity than frame-shift mutagenicity and was found to be statistically significant.

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Biodiesel: Effects on Exhaust Constituents

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

Brassica carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions

Brassica carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions

Comparative cardiopulmonary toxicity of exhausts from soy-based biofuels and diesel in healthy and hypertensive rats

Comparison of BTX Profiles and Their Mutagenicity Assessment at Two Sites of Agra, India

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