Biodiesel Blends Startability and Emissions During Cold, Warm and Hot Conditions

Abstract

The time and emissions during cold starting were investigated at cold and hot temperatures (i. e., – 10°C, 0 °C, 25°C and 50 °C). The effect of injection timing (IT) on these factors was also studied at four ITs before top dead centre (BTDC) i. e., (12 , 15 , 20 and 23 BTDC). The results were compared with engine operation at 17 BTDC (factory IT). Sunflower vegetable oil and yellow grease were used as raw materials to prepare bio diesel fuels through transesterification. B20 (20% sunflower oil biodiesel+80% diesel) and W20 (20% yellow grease biodiesel+80% diesel), together with neat conventional Iraqi diesel fuel, were used to analyse engine startability and emissions under cold and hot starting conditions. Results indicated that adding biofuel affects the engine starting response and that the starting time stabilises at high starting temperatures. At a low starting temperature (i. e.,–10 °C), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations increase significantly. At moderate and high starting temperatures, the oxygen content in the biofuel blend plays a dominant role in reducing the HC and CO concentrations. Smoke opacity has increased notably for the biodiesel blends at low starting temperatures but has decreased significantly at moderate and high starting temperatures. Both biofuel blends emit higher levels of nitrogen oxide than the neat diesel fuel. Noise increases at low starting temperatures, thereby indicating rough combustion.

Effect of palm biodiesel blends on cold start performance and emissions of common rail turbocharged engine at moderately cold ambient temperatures

“…The overall uncertainty of the cold start test is less than ±5%, which is within the values reported by other researchers 9,10,17,28 …”

Ultralow Sulfur Diesel and Rapeseed Methyl Ester Fuel Impact on Performance, Emitted Regulated, Unregulated, and Nanoparticle Pollutants

“…Most of the nanoparticles are formed inside the cylinder in the fuel-rich region due to incomplete combustion resulting from its low temperature. 101 , 102 …”

“…The reasons for the homogeneity and heterogeneity are still unclear. Most of the nanoparticles are formed inside the cylinder in the fuel-rich region due to incomplete combustion resulting from its low temperature. , …”

“…Most of the nanoparticles are formed inside the cylinder in the fuel-rich region due to incomplete combustion resulting from its low temperature. 101,102 Figure 12 shows the cumulative concentration number (CCN) during the nucleation and accumulation mode of the studied loads. Particles with diameters smaller than 40 nm represent the nucleation mode, while particles larger than this measure represent the accretion mode.…”

Reducing the Effect of High Sulfur Content in Diesel Fuel on NOx Emissions and PM Characteristics Using a PPCI Mode Engine and Gasoline–Diesel Blends

“…In these studies, the authors sought to reduce the damage of abundant sulfur by adding bioethanol, 18 nano-alumina suspension, 12 and biodiesel with hydrogen and massive ratios of EGR. 18 Chaichan et al 50 have studied the effect of adding biodiesel to high-sulfur diesel on the exhaust emissions emitted from the engine during the start operating period of cold, hot, and extremely hot weather conditions. Ekaab et al 51 investigated the use of biokerosene instead of diesel to take advantage of lower sulfur content in Iraqi kerosene (2000 ppm).…”