Bioderived Ionic Liquids and Salts with Various Cyano Anions as Precursors for Doped Carbon Materials

Abstract

Carbohydrate moieties were combined with various cross-linkable anions (thiocyanate [SCN], tetracyanoborate [TCB], tricyanomethanide [TCM], and dicyanamide [DCA]) and investigated as precursors for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped and nitrogen-/sulfur-co-doped carbons. The influence of the molecular structures of the precursors on their thermophysical properties and the properties of the derived carbon materials was elucidated and compared to petroleum-derived analogs. A carbohydrate-based ionic liquid featuring an [SCN] anion yielded more carbon residues upon carbonization than its 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium analog, and the resulting dual-doping of the derived carbon material translated to enhanced catalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction.

Glucosylimidazolium Hydroxide: A Bench-Stable Carbohydrate Based Building Block

“…The iodide (3), trans-cinnamate (6c) and caprylate (6d) salts exhibit slightly higher decompositions points ranging from 268 to 275 • C. All these thermal stability measurements show that even quite distinctively different anions only slightly vary the thermal stability of the whole salt, further proving our previous findings that the carbohydrate cation mostly determines the overall thermal stability [26]. However, it is known from the literature that some anions like OTf, NTf 2 or tetracyanoborate may improve the overall thermal stability [27]. The only exception here is 4, which, most likely due to the reactive nature of the hydroxide anion, decomposes at 139-142 • C.…”

Sustainable Design of New Ionic Forms of Vitamin B3 and Their Utilization as Plant Protection Agents

“…Thus, the use of substances of natural origin as substrates has become a common strategy in recent years. Natural compounds that do not adversely affect human health, such as terpenes, , glycosides, − essential oil components, , or vitamins, are considered favorable raw materials in sustainable chemical processes. It should also be noted that the newly developed chemicals must also be obtained in an efficient and environmentally friendly manner.…”

History repeats itself again: Will the mistakes of the past for ILs be repeated for DESs? From being considered ionic liquids to becoming their alternative: the unbalanced turn of deep eutectic solvents

“…As mentioned in the previous sections, DESs and ILs share several common features which make them suited for sustainable development. For instance, they can be made up of natural molecules that originate from renewable feedstock such as sugars and sugar-based compounds, [113][114][115][116] amino acids, [117][118][119] fatty acids [120][121][122][123] and lignin monomers. 124,125 This peculiarity presents for the first time the option of using largely available, non-petroleum-derived materials for the preparation of a wide range of liquid media.…”