Biodegradation of synthetic detergents evaluation by community trials: I. Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates

Mann, A. H.; Reid, V. W.

doi:10.1007/bf02544569

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…During November and December biodegradation fell until by the end of January it was only 20−25%. The decrease in biodegradation was attributed to low biological activity during the cold winter months . Stiff et al studied the effect of temperature on the removal of OPEOs on a laboratory scale.…”

Section: A Biodegradabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alkylphenol Ethoxylates: Trace Analysis and Environmental Behavior

1997

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APEOs, the reader is referred to other books and reviews. [24][25][26][27][28][29] II. Analysis A. Sampling and StorageAnalytical results significantly depend on the homogeneity of the samples and accurate storage procedures which guarantee that no changes take place in the composition of the samples. The main problem of surfactants in general is their tendency to adsorb on all phase boundaries due to their amphiphilic nature. Consequently losses to surfaces or suspended solids from aqueous solutions are commonplace. Especially for matrices like sewage sludge, sediment, or soils, quantitative recovery of analytes turns out to be very difficult. Therefore, internal standards are added to the samples to correct for nonquantitative recovery during isolation and quantification of the analytes. Giger et al. used n-nonylbenzene 11,30 and 2,4,6-tribromophenol 8 in gas chromatographic determinations of APs/APEOs from sludge and water, respectively. 4-n-Nonylphenol, which is not included in technical NP, is applied to the quantification of NP in soils by GC. 31 For water analysis by HPLC 2,4,6-trimethylphenol is well suited. 32 This approach, however, is useless for nonspecific methods since they cannot discriminate analytes initially present from added internal standards.Environmental samples have to be preserved immediately upon collection with chemical biocides to minimize and prevent microbial degradation of the surfactant present. Water samples from sewage treatment plants, rivers, or seas are generally collected in glass bottles, preserved with 1% formaldehyde, and stored at 4 °C. [33][34][35][36][37] A less common preservation method for aqueous samples is the addition of methylene chloride and acidification to pH 2 with hydrochloric acid. 38 Kubeck et al. showed that refrigeration alone was sufficient to stabilize river water samples for up to 4 weeks. 35 Due to diurnal variations of APEO concentrations in the influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants, 24-h and 2-h composite samples should be collected, ideally, with automatic sampling devices. 39 Sewage sludges are dealt with in the same way as water samples, i.e. preservation with 1% formaldehyde and storage at 4 °C. 39,40 Jobst et al. preferred aluminium vessels to store the sludge samples. 41 Sediment samples are collected from the upper 2 cm using a grab sampler and frozen at -20 °C until analysis. 33,[42][43][44] In the laboratory, samples are freezedried 44 or air-dried at 21 °C43 .The application of sewage sludges to agricultural land has resulted in the need to monitor concentrations of detergents in sludge-amended soils. Soil samples are collected from the upper 5 cm with a stainless steel corer, dried at 60 °C, pulverized, and stored in the dark at 4 °C. 40 Biological matrices represent a difficult problem with regard to a representative sampling and a unchanged composition of the samples during storage. The Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) of Germany has developed a method for collection and preparation of fresh biological materials. 45,46 ...

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Section: A Biodegradabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decrease in biodegradation was attributed to low biological activity during the cold winter months. 148 Stiff et al studied the effect of temperature on the removal of OPEOs on a laboratory scale. Tests were carried out at 8, 11, and 15 °C using the "porous pot" activated sludge technique over a period of 122 days.…”

Section: A Biodegradabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkylphenol Ethoxylates: Trace Analysis and Environmental Behavior

1997

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“…There has been considerable discussion about the degree of biodegradation that these surfactants undergo during sewage treatment. Many authors [21,22] have reported poor removal at winter temperatures. Stiff and Rootham [23] have compared the biodegradability of a linear alkylphenol ethoxylate with a branched-chain nonylphenol ethoxylate and a linear alkylbenzene sulphonate.…”

Section: Ethoxylated Alkylphenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Textile Waste Waters: Treatment and Environmental Effects

Gardiner

Borne

1978

Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists

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The paper considers the use of water and chemicals in the textile industry and the volume, nature and composition of process effluents, the effect they have on the environment and the limitations they pose on the reuse of water. An outline is given of the methods available for treatment of waste waters from the industry, on site or at a Water Authority's works and the effects that chemical constituents of the effluents have on the treatment processes and on disposal of water and sludge. The assessment and significance of biodegradability and the extent of present‐day knowledge on the biodegradability of the main classes of chemicals used in textile processing are discussed. The paper concludes with a section dealing with the removal of colour from waste waters.

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“…The community trials were conducted in the small trickling-filter sewage treatment plant used in the trials described earlier (1,2). The sampling and analysis were done by the Water Pollution Research Laboratory (WPRL) using the same techniques as previously.…”

Section: Experimental Procedures Conduct Of the Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of synthetic detergents evaluation by community trials part 3: Primary alcohol sulphates

Mann

Reid

1971

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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The biodegradability of primary alcohol sulphates derived from a coconut alcohol and from a synthetic alcohol (Dobanol 25 -Shell trademark, known as Ncodol in the U.S. and Canada) has been evaluated by field trials with a trickling-filter sewage treatment plant serving a srrall community. Both these materials showed a high order of biodegradability, average values in the 96-98% region being obtained. On aeration of effluents in the laboratory further degradation to 99% was achieved with both alcohol sulphates. Effluents containing only residues of either alcohol sulphate were practically nonfoaming.

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Biodegradation of synthetic detergents evaluation by community trials: I. Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Alkylphenol Ethoxylates: Trace Analysis and Environmental Behavior

Alkylphenol Ethoxylates: Trace Analysis and Environmental Behavior

Textile Waste Waters: Treatment and Environmental Effects

Biodegradation of synthetic detergents evaluation by community trials part 3: Primary alcohol sulphates

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