“…Addition of surfactants is a very common method for enhancing the water solubility of PAHs, and hence its bioavailability (Woo et al, 2004;Yu et al, 2005). In bioavailability studies, non-ionic surfactants have been often used due to their relatively low critical micelle concentration (CMC) requirements and their lower microbial toxicity compared with ionic surfactants (Lee et al, 2007).…”
“…Addition of surfactants is a very common method for enhancing the water solubility of PAHs, and hence its bioavailability (Woo et al, 2004;Yu et al, 2005). In bioavailability studies, non-ionic surfactants have been often used due to their relatively low critical micelle concentration (CMC) requirements and their lower microbial toxicity compared with ionic surfactants (Lee et al, 2007).…”
“…Intermediate metabolites were produced during PAH degradation and some intermediates may have been toxic to the bacteria, which would affect the growth of degrading bacteria. In addtion, the hydrophobicity of PAHs may have decreased the fraction of PAHs that is available to the microorganisms in liquid phase [34,35]. In the reaction, intermediates would be formed during the degradation reaction, their molecular structures have aromatic nucleus without ring opening.…”
Section: Degrading Characteristics Of Strain Pl2 In Liquid Culturementioning
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic compounds derived from natural sources and anthropogenic processes, which have been recommended as priority pollutants. Degradation of PAHs in the environment is becoming more necessary and urgent. In the current study, strain PL2, which is capable of growing aerobically on pyrene (PYR) as the sole carbon source, was isolated from hydrocarbons-contaminated soil and then identified as Pseudomonas putida by morphological and physiological characteristics as well as 16S rDNA sequence. The strain PL2 was able to degrade 50.0% of the pyrene at 28°C within 6 days in the presence of 50 mg/L pyrene, while the strain PL2 degraded 50.0% of the pyrene within 2 days when a solution of 50 mg/L pyrene and 50 mg/L phenanthrene was used. In addition, phenanthrene was shown to increase the biodegradation efficiency of pyrene by the strain PL2. The order of degradation by the strain PL2 was pH 6.0 > pH 7.0 > pH 5.0 > pH 8.0. The degradation rate of PYR in the soil by the strain PL2 reached 70.0% at the 10 th day. The dynamics of PYR degradation in soil by PL2 was fit to the first order model and the strain PL2 was shown to efficiently degrade PYR in soil. The current study showed that P. putida PL2 was a novel bacterium that could degrade pyrene and holds great promise for use in PAHs bioremediation in soil.
“…For example, 14 C‐hydrocarbon respirometry (Reid et al 2001) involved mixing soil with liquid media, forming a slurry. Recently, it has been shown that this puts considerable bias towards a more planktonic aqueous phase biodegradation, reducing sorbed phase biodegradation (Woo et al 2004).…”
Section: Interactions Between Microflora and Hydrocarbons In Soilmentioning
Summary
Aliphatic hydrocarbons make up a substantial portion of organic contamination in the terrestrial environment. However, most studies have focussed on the fate and behaviour of aromatic contaminants in soil. Despite structural differences between aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, both classes of contaminants are subject to physicochemical processes, which can affect the degree of loss, sequestration and interaction with soil microflora. Given the nature of hydrocarbon contamination of soils and the importance of bioremediation strategies, understanding the fate and behaviour of aliphatic hydrocarbons is imperative, particularly microbe–contaminant interactions. Biodegradation by microbes is the key removal process of hydrocarbons in soils, which is controlled by hydrocarbon physicochemistry, environmental conditions, bioavailability and the presence of catabolically active microbes. Therefore, the aims of this review are (i) to consider the physicochemical properties of aliphatic hydrocarbons and highlight mechanisms controlling their fate and behaviour in soil; (ii) to discuss the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil, with particular attention being paid to biodegradation, and (iii) to briefly consider bioremediation techniques that may be applied to remove aliphatic hydrocarbons from soil.
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