Biodegradation of nodularin and other nonribosomal peptides by the Baltic bacteria

Toruńska-Sitarz, Anna; Kotlarska, Ewa; Mazur‐Marzec, Hanna

doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.08.004

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The most studied microcystin- and nodularin-degraders belong to genera Sphingomonas and Sphingopyxis and some other genera of the family Sphingomonadaceae ( Jones et al, 1994 ; Park et al, 2001 ; Imanishi et al, 2005 ; Valeria et al, 2006 ; Yan et al, 2012 ). The list of isolated bacterial strains capable of degrading microcystin is growing and mainly include members belonging to phylum Proteobacteria but also Firmicutes and Actinobacteria ( Dziga et al, 2013 ; Li et al, 2017 ), and it is apparent that the capacity to degrade microcystin and nodularin is spread across bacterial phyla ( Toruńska-Sitarz et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under aerobic conditions, the microcystin and nodularin degradation is driven by more than one enzymatic pathway ( Dziga et al, 2013 , 2019 ; Toruńska-Sitarz et al, 2018 ); however, only one specific pathway has been characterized so far. The cluster designated mlrABCD encodes a microcystin degradation pathway, in which a microcystinase (MlrA) is the first enzyme to hydrolyze cyclic microcystin into a linear intermediate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Copepods Can Eat Toxins Without Getting Sick: Gut Bacteria Help Zooplankton to Feed in Cyanobacteria Blooms

et al. 2021

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Toxin-producing cyanobacteria can be harmful to aquatic biota, although some grazers utilize them with often beneficial effects on their growth and reproduction. It is commonly assumed that gut microbiota facilitates host adaptation to the diet; however, the evidence for adaptation mechanisms is scarce. Here, we investigated the abundance of mlrA genes in the gut of the Baltic copepods Acartia bifilosa and Eurytemora affinis during cyanobacteria bloom season (August) and outside it (February). The mlrA genes are unique to microcystin and nodularin degraders, thus indicating the capacity to break down these toxins by the microbiota. The mlrA genes were expressed in the copepod gut year-round, being >10-fold higher in the summer than in the winter populations. Moreover, they were significantly more abundant in Eurytemora than Acartia. To understand the ecological implications of this variability, we conducted feeding experiments using summer- and winter-collected copepods to examine if/how the mlrA abundance in the microbiota affect: (1) uptake of toxic Nodularia spumigena, (2) uptake of a non-toxic algal food offered in mixtures with N. spumigena, and (3) concomitant growth potential in the copepods. The findings provide empirical evidence that the occurrence of mlrA genes in the copepod microbiome facilitates nutrient uptake and growth when feeding on phytoplankton mixtures containing nodularin-producing cyanobacteria; thus, providing an adaptation mechanism to the cyanobacteria blooms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Copepods Can Eat Toxins Without Getting Sick: Gut Bacteria Help Zooplankton to Feed in Cyanobacteria Blooms

et al. 2021

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“…[39] isolated in different areas have been reported to be able to biodegrade both MCs and NOD. However, not all strains with the MC biodegradation enzymes MlrA and MlrC could biodegrade NOD [33,39,40], and less information is provided on the mechanism of the enzymes for NOD biodegradation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning and Expression of Genes for Biodegrading Nodularin by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

Fan

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Biodegradation is efficient for removing cyanobacterial toxins, such as microcystins (MCs) and nodularin (NOD). However, not all the microbial strains with the microcystin-biodegrading enzymes MlrA and MlrC could biodegrade NOD. Studies on genes and enzymes for biodegrading NOD can reveal the function and the biodegradation pathway of NOD. Based on successful cloning and expression of the USTB-05-A and USTB-05-C genes from Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05, which are responsible for the biodegradation of MCs, the pathway for biodegrading NOD by these two enzymes was investigated in this study. The findings showed that the enzyme USTB-05-A converted cyclic NOD (m/z 825.4516) into its linear type as the first product by hydrolyzing the arginine and Adda peptide bond, and that USTB-05-C cut off the Adda and glutamic acid peptide bond of linearized NOD (m/z 843.4616) and produced dimeric Adda (m/z 663.4377) as the second product. Further, based on the homology modeling of enzyme USTB-05-A, site-directed mutants of USTB-05-A were constructed and seven crucial sites for enzyme USTB-05-A activity were found. A complete enzymatic mechanism for NOD biodegradation by USTB-05-A in the first step was proposed: glutamic acid 172 and histidine 205 activate a water molecule facilitating a nucleophilic attack on the arginine and Adda peptide bond of NOD; tryptophan 176 and tryptophan 201 contact the carboxylate side chain of glutamic acid 172 and accelerate the reaction rates; and histidine 260 and asparagine 264 function as an oxyanion hole to stabilize the transition states.

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“…The most studied microcystin-and nodularin-degraders belong to genera Sphingomonas and Sphingopyxis and some other genera of the family Sphingomonadaceae (Jones et al, 1994;Park et al, 2001;Imanishi et al, 2005;Valeria et al, 2006;Yan et al, 2012). The list of isolated bacterial strains capable of degrading microcystin is growing and mainly include members belonging to phylum Proteobacteria but also Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (Dziga et al, 2013;Li et al, 2017), and it is apparent that the capacity to degrade microcystin and nodularin is spread across bacterial phyla (Toruńska-Sitarz et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under aerobic conditions, the microcystin and nodularin degradation is driven by more than one enzymatic pathway (Dziga et al, 2013(Dziga et al, , 2019Toruńska-Sitarz et al, 2018); however, only one specific pathway has been characterized so far. The cluster designated mlrABCD encodes a microcystin degradation pathway, in which a microcystinase (MlrA) is the first enzyme to hydrolyze cyclic microcystin into a linear intermediate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodegradation of nodularin and other nonribosomal peptides by the Baltic bacteria

Cited by 13 publications

References 58 publications

How Copepods Can Eat Toxins Without Getting Sick: Gut Bacteria Help Zooplankton to Feed in Cyanobacteria Blooms

How Copepods Can Eat Toxins Without Getting Sick: Gut Bacteria Help Zooplankton to Feed in Cyanobacteria Blooms

Cloning and Expression of Genes for Biodegrading Nodularin by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

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