Biodegradation of Natural Organic Matter in Long‐Term, Continuous‐Flow Experiments Simulating Artificial Ground Water Recharge for Drinking Water Production

Kolehmainen, Reija E.; Kortelainen, Nina M.; Langwaldt, Jörg; Puhakka, Jaakko A.

doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0054

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Our TOC results fall into this range. Kolehmainen et al (2009) also reported a significant TOC removal in the infiltrated water in the first parts of the water-saturated zone in their experiments simulating the ARG process. In this respect, our observed TOC removal from the aquaculture farm effluent can be considered to be promising because this removal behaved quite similarly as that in the ARG plants with the retention time of 1.2 days.…”

Section: Experiments 2: Sand Filtration With Water-saturated Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In the ARG process, surface water (lake or river water), which contains higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration than is allowed in household water, is infiltrated through the sand and gravel layers by basin or sprinkling infiltration in order to form artificial groundwater. In this process, there is an efficient removal of DOC and particulate organic matter (Kolehmainen et al 2009;Lindroos et al 2002). For example in Finland, the DOC level of about 10 mg L −1 in the infiltrated lake water has been decreased to less than 2 mg L −1 in ARG (Lindroos et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Filtration with Natural Esker Sand on the Removal of Organic Carbon and Suspended Solids from the Effluent of Experimental Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Lindroos

Lindholm‐Lehto

Pulkkinen

et al. 2020

Water Air Soil Pollut

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We studied the effect of sand filtration with natural esker material on the removal of total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity from the effluent of an experimental recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) farm. Separate experiments were performed with the same esker sand: (1) a soil column experiment in 2017 where the effluent (mean TOC 8.14 mg L −1) was percolated vertically through a 50-cm-thick sand column with the infiltration 1 m day −1 ; (2) a sand filtration experiment with watersaturated conditions in 2018 where the effluent from the woodchip denitrification (mean TOC 26.84 mg L −1) was infiltrated through a sand layer with the retention time of 1.2 days. In experiment 2, infiltration of 25 L day −1 through a 31-cm sand layer and 40 L day −1 through a 50-cm sand layer were studied. Both experiments were performed in association with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) grow-out trials. In sand filtration with vertical water flow through a soil column, the removal of TSS was 40%, while of TOC 6%, partly due to the small thickness of the soil column and coarse sand material. In water-saturated conditions, mean removal of TOC (3 mg L −1 1.2 day −1), TSS (1.2 mg L −1 1.2 day −1), and turbidity (0.4 FTU 1.2 day −1) reached 11% (TOC), 18% (TSS), and 15% (turbidity), even with the retention time of only 1.2 days. The removal of TOC in water-saturated conditions correlated with the removal of TSS and turbidity.

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Section: Experiments 2: Sand Filtration With Water-saturated Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Filtration with Natural Esker Sand on the Removal of Organic Carbon and Suspended Solids from the Effluent of Experimental Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Lindroos

Lindholm‐Lehto

Pulkkinen

et al. 2020

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…In biodegradation NOM is degraded to dissolved inorganic carbon, which is not accumulated in the soil. On the other hand, in a column test by Kolehmainen et al (2009) only 50% of NOM removal was estimated to be due to biodegradation. According to this value, NOM accumulation by sorption and mechanical filtering in the aquifer is possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Studies on existing MAR sites and column tests have shown that the NOM content in infiltrated surface waters decreases rapidly, early on along the flowpath as the more easily degraded or adsorbable fraction is rapidly removed (Frycklund 1995;Grünheid et al 2005;Hiscock and Grischenk 2002;Kolehmainen et al 2009Kolehmainen et al , 2006Lindroos et al 2002;Niinikoski et al 2016). Hydrogeology (e.g., sediment porosity, permeability and groundwater flow), geochemical and nutrient conditions, temperature, and redox conditions are known to have an impact on the NOM removal rate in MAR (Maeng et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water quality changes and organic matter removal using natural bank infiltration at a boreal lake in Finland

Jylhä-Ollila

Laine-Kaulio

Niinikoski-Fusswinkel

et al. 2020

Hydrogeol J

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Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) refers to intentional infiltration of surface water to an aquifer for facilitating natural water treatment and storage. MAR is often used as a treatment to remove natural organic matter from water in drinking water production. The sustainability of MAR depends on how the aquifer capacity to remove organic matter will evolve over the long term. This report explores the behavior of MAR systems by using a natural lake-aquifer system as a surrogate. Natural infiltration of lake water to groundwater has been going on for millennia at the research site in Finland chosen for this study. According to the measurements, the mean concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in lake water was 3.0 mg/L. Within the distance of 3 m from the lake bank (retention time 7-15 days), already 46% of TOC was removed. At greater distances along the flow paths within the aquifer, 80-90% of TOC was removed. The observed TOC removal in the aquifer was slightly higher than the reported values at MAR sites, indicating that MAR can be an effective solution to the problem of removing natural organic matter in the long term. Signs of accumulation of organic matter were not observed in the aquifer, which suggests that biodegradation was the main removal method, and the role of sorption was minor. Several processes had an impact on oxygen levels in the aquifer, which led to spatial and seasonal changes in the redox conditions and in the iron and manganese concentrations in groundwater.

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“…When fully saturated, sand column tests were conducted, 76%-81% reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) was achieved. It was also reported that biodegradation accounted for 32%-52% of the dissolved organic carbon removal, with a conclusion that biodegradation has a key role in NOM removal in MAR [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Raw Water Quality and Pretreatment in Managed Aquifer Recharge for Drinking Water Production in Finland

Jokela¹,

Eskola

Heinonen³

et al. 2017

Water

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Abstract:The main objective of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) in Finland is the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from surface waters. A typical MAR procedure consists of the infiltration of surface water into a Quaternary glaciofluvial esker with subsequent withdrawal of the MAR treated water from wells a few hundred meters downstream. The infiltrated water should have a residence time of at least approximately one month before withdrawal to provide sufficient time for the subsurface processes needed to break down or remove humic substances. Most of the Finnish MAR plants do not have pretreatment and raw water is infiltrated directly into the soil. The objectives of this paper are to present MAR experiences and to discuss the need for and choice of pretreatment. Data from basin, sprinkling, and well infiltration processes are presented. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of the raw waters presented here varied from 6.5 to 11 mg/L and after MAR the TOC concentrations of the abstracted waters were approximately 2 mg/L. The overall reduction of organic matter in the treatment (with or without pretreatment) was 70%-85%. Mechanical pretreatment can be used for clogging prevention. Turbidity of the Finnish lakes used as raw water does not necessitate pretreatment in basin and sprinkling infiltration, however, pretreatment in well infiltration needs to be judged separately. River waters may have high turbidity requiring pretreatment. Biodegradation of NOM in the saturated groundwater zone consumes dissolved oxygen. Thus, a high NOM concentration may create conditions for dissolution of iron and manganese from the soil. These conditions may be avoided by the addition of chemical pretreatment. Raw waters with TOC content up to at least approximately 8 mg/L were infiltrated without any considerations of chemical pretreatment, which should be evaluated based on local conditions.

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Biodegradation of Natural Organic Matter in Long‐Term, Continuous‐Flow Experiments Simulating Artificial Ground Water Recharge for Drinking Water Production

Cited by 12 publications

References 30 publications

The Effect of Filtration with Natural Esker Sand on the Removal of Organic Carbon and Suspended Solids from the Effluent of Experimental Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

The Effect of Filtration with Natural Esker Sand on the Removal of Organic Carbon and Suspended Solids from the Effluent of Experimental Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Water quality changes and organic matter removal using natural bank infiltration at a boreal lake in Finland

Raw Water Quality and Pretreatment in Managed Aquifer Recharge for Drinking Water Production in Finland

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