Biodegradation of chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene and removal of metals from naturally contaminated soil by isolated Trametes versicolor strain and laccase produced thereof

Microbes and microbial strategies in carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons remediation: a systematic review

“…Another phenomenal evidence of ve-ringed CPAH was elucidated by Wood et al, (1978), where DBA was utilized by Cytochrome P450-monooxygenase dependent pathway by Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. Laccase facilitated B(a)P metabolism upto 97%, 96%, and 49.1% were documented from Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Trametes versicolor respectively (Zeng et al, 2011;Vipotnik et al, 2022). When it comes to four-ringed PAHs, complete CHRY degrading e ciency with 1.88 and 1.82 U/ml of Dioxygenase; 1.25 and 1.23 U/ml of Laccase; 0.66 and 0.54 U/ml of Manganese peroxidase; 0.21 and 0.51 U/ml of Lignin peroxidase activity from Cryptococcus sp.…”

Fungal bioproducts for petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals remediation: recent advances and emerging technologies

“…The practical use of enzyme-producing fungal bioinoculants for bioaugmentation in non-sterile contaminated soils may have their enzyme activity influenced due to microbial co-metabolism [60]. On the other hand, enzymatic mycoremediation occurs through the use of concentrated enzymes (crude or purified extract), and may present advantages compared to the use of bioinoculants [49,75]. This is corroborated by the fact that enzymes can exhibit: (1) higher catalytic activity; (2) smaller size, which improves their diffusion; and (3) higher stability and coverage over a wide range of physicochemical gradients and contaminant concentrations [27,49].…”

“…Although enzymatic degradation of hydrocarbons is more easily carried out in liquid culture compared to the same strains growing in soil, studies of enzymatic mycoremediation in soil microcosms have also shown promising results for hydrocarbon remediation [78,79]. In summary, higher efficiencies in enzymatic mycoremediation are achieved when parameters such as pH, temperature, enzyme loading and Eh are properly controlled [75,80].…”

“…Alternatively, mediating compounds (natural or synthetic) such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), 2,2′-Azino-bis(3ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), coumaric acid and ferulic acid can be added to the reaction medium, which are initially oxidized (by laccase) forming reactive oxygen species (ROS) that increase the Eh for oxidation of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons [79,82]. The oxidation of ABTS by laccases may be influenced by mediator concentration and water availability [75,80]; since greater degradation of benzo[a]pyrene was speculated to occur in aqueous solutions than in soil microcosms, both containing ABTS [80]. The practical use of enzymatic mediators, however, may be unfeasible due to high costs and possible increase in toxicity [78,79].…”

“…Several technologies have been proposed to evaluate and/or promote enhancements in enzymatic mycoremediation. For example, the use of packed-bed bioreactors and intermittent feeding of laccases (every 5 days) achieved higher degradation rates of chrysene (78%) and benzo[a]pyrene (35%) in soils within 10 days, while a slowdown of this rate was maintained up to 35 days of mycoremediation [75]. In addition, organic solvents and chemical surfactants are used to increase the availability of hydrocarbons prior to enzymatic mycoremediation, although such chemicals at high concentrations may alter stability or lead to enzyme inhibition [50,80].…”