Biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by bacteria with highly antibiotic-resistant pattern isolated from wheat field soils in Kurdistan, Iran

Abstract

Recently, there has been increasing interest to clean up the soils contaminated with herbicide. Our aim was to determine the bioremediation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from wheat fields which have a long history of herbicide in Sanandaj. Based on our literature survey, this study is the first report to isolate and identify antimicrobial resistant bacteria from polluted wheat field soils in Sanandaj which has the capacity to degrade 2,4-D. From 150 2,4-D-exposed soil samples, five different bacteria were isolated and identified based on biochemical tests and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudomonas has been the most frequently isolated genus. By sequencing the 16S rRNA gene of the isolated bacteria, the strains were detected and identified as a member of the genus Pseudomonas sp, Entrobacter sp, Bacillus sp, Seratia sp, and Staphylococcus sp. The sequence of Sanandaj 1 isolate displayed 87% similarity with the 16S rRNA gene of a Pseudomonas sp (HE995788). Similarly, all the isolates were compared to standard strains based on 16S rRNA. Small amounts of 2,4-D could be transmitted to a depth of 10-20 cm; however, in the depth of 20-40 cm, we could not detect the 2,4-D. The isolates were resistant to various antibiotics particularly, penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin.

Biological degradation and mineralization of tetracycline antibiotic using SBR equipped with a vertical axially rotating biological bed (SBR-VARB)

“…were also isolated from the suspended biomass in the bioreactor. Pseudomonas sp., as an aerobic, heterotrophic, and Gram-negative bacteria, has been used in several previous studies for the biodegradation of various pollutants, such as TC (Wu et al 2019 ), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Karami et al 2016 ), 2, 4-nitritolone (Karami et al 2016 ), o-nitrobenzaldehyde (ONBA)(Fang-Bo et al, 2006), 2,4-dinitrotoluene(Suen and Spain 1993 ), Aniline(Anson and Mackinnon 1984 ), and malachite green (Tao et al 2017 ). Although this bacterium has been used to biodegrade various compounds, it was nevertheless identified as the TC biodegrading bacterium for the first time.…”

“…Staphylococcus sp., as an optional anaerobic, heterotrophic, and Gram-positive bacterium, is classified in the nitrifying bacteria group. This bacterium is also capable of degrading several antibiotics (e.g., TC, sulfathiazole, ampicillin) (Park and Choung 2007 ) and aromatic compounds (e.g., benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) (Karami et al 2016 ). Staphylococcus sp.…”

Microplastics influence on herbicides removal and biosurfactants production by a Bacillus sp. strain active against Fusarium culmorum

“…There are only a few papers showing the degradation of 2,4-D by bacteria of the genus Bacillus . Karami et al 43 isolated bacteria from polluted wheat field soils and proved their capacity to degrade 2,4-D. The identified strains were classified as members of the genera Pseudomonas , Entrobacter , Bacillus , Seratia and Staphylococcus .…”

Herbicides Tolerance in a Pseudomonas Strain Is Associated With Metabolic Plasticity of Antioxidative Enzymes Regardless of Selection

“…Even for some enzymes, there are no recent reports of the effects on bacteria, but only indirect on enzymes from bacteria-colonized plants, such as guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) (Eke et al, 2019), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (Fan et al, 2020). The genus Pseudomonas stands out for its tolerance to chemical stressors because of its metabolic and physiological versatility, and it can be isolated from soil, fresh water, biofilms, and other places, with potential for application in bioremediation (Venturi, 2006;Karami et al, 2016;Melo et al, 2016). Lima et al (2020) obtained collections of bacteria capable of tolerating different herbicides, including Pseudomonas sp.…”

“…The genus Pseudomonas stands out for its tolerance to chemical stressors because of its metabolic and physiological versatility, and it can be isolated from soil, fresh water, biofilms, and other places, with potential for application in bioremediation ( Venturi, 2006 ; Karami et al, 2016 ; Melo et al, 2016 ). Lima et al (2020) obtained collections of bacteria capable of tolerating different herbicides, including Pseudomonas sp.…”