Biodegradation Mechanisms of Patulin in Candida guilliermondii: An iTRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis

Abstract

Patulin, a potent mycotoxin, contaminates fruits and derived products worldwide, and is a serious health concern. Several yeast strains have shown the ability to effectively degrade patulin. However, the mechanisms of its biodegradation still remain unclear at this time. In the present study, biodegradation and involved mechanisms of patulin by an antagonistic yeast Candida guilliermondii were investigated. The results indicated that C. guilliermondii was capable of not only multiplying to a high population in medium containing patulin, but also effectively reducing patulin content in culture medium. Degradation of patulin by C. guilliermondii was dependent on the yeast cell viability, and mainly occurred inside cells. E-ascladiol was the main degradation product of patulin. An iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis revealed that the responses of C. guilliermondii to patulin were complex. A total of 30 differential proteins involved in 10 biological processes were identified, and more than two-thirds of the differential proteins were down-accumulated. Notably, a short-chain dehydrogenase (gi|190348612) was markedly induced by patulin at both the protein and mRNA levels. Our findings will provide a foundation to help enable the commercial development of an enzyme formulation for the detoxification of patulin in fruit-derived products.

The pH‐responsive PacC transcription factor plays pivotal roles in virulence and patulin biosynthesis in Penicillium expansum

“…The total proteins were isolated according to the method described by Li et al (2010). The procedures of protein digestion were modified from the previously method described by Chen et al (2017). A total of 50 μg proteins (as determined by the Bradford assay) from each sample was used for reducing and cysteine blocking with 1 mM Tris-(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) and 1 mM methylmethanethiosulfonate (MMTS) respectively.…”

“…The MS analysis was carried out using a NanoLC system (NanoLC-2D Ultra Plus, Eksigent) equipped with a Triple TOF 5600 Plus mass spectrometer (AB SCIEX) following the method described by Chen et al (2017). Protein identification and quantification were performed using ProteinPilot™ Software 4.5 (AB SCIEX), and database searches were carried out using the P. expansum T01 protein database (NCBI).…”

The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota

“…However, for example, the yeast Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae was shown to decrease patulin concentration, whereas the concentration of desoxypatulinic acid increased with time (Castoria et al, 2011). Another possible detoxification mechanism is done by PGUG enzyme from yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii (Chen et al, 2017) or by oxidoreductase from bacteria Gluconobacter oxydans (Ricelli et al, 2007). Besides the antagonistic effects of yeasts on mycotoxin production, the cytotoxic and inhibitory effects of the toxins on yeasts (summarized in Figure 2) have also been investigated in some cases (reviewed by Pfliegler et al, 2015).…”

Recent trends in detecting, controlling, and detoxifying of patulin mycotoxin using biotechnology methods

“…Research on molecular mechanisms can ensure the sustainable development of biotechnology by serving as an inexhaustible source of information. Some current trends in the elucidation of mechanisms are presented: the mechanism of PAT degradation by yeast (Chen et al., 2017; Ianiri et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2018), mechanism of PAT biosynthesis (Li et al., 2019; Tannous et al., 2018), mechanism of PAT toxicity (Figure 1) (Ramalingam et al., 2019), the biocontrol mechanism (Zhang et al., 2018), mechanism of PAT adsorption by bacteria (Wang, Yue et al., 2015). There are confirmed biotechnological methods that are less used in PAT control.…”