Biodegradable synthetic polymer in orthopaedic application: A review

Electrospun nanofibers for medical face mask with protection capabilities against viruses: State of the art and perspective for industrial scale-up

“…Also, modified ES set-ups combined with modern textile techniques turned out to be an innovative way to manufacture nanofiber bio-textiles with suitable mechanical and bioactive properties which effectively support cell tissue regeneration in clinical use [ 30 , 31 ]. Electrospun nanofibers composed by natural and biodegradable polymers can be easily degraded in environment or absorbed by the body, thus preventing the negative long-term degradation effects due to high consume of plastic, ensuring a safer approach to the realization of scaffold and drug delivery system for biomedical application [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] . Although a great number of research in the electrospinning field has been carried out at laboratory scale, alternative techniques have been developed so far to expand the production of electrospun nanofibers on large industrial scale [36] .…”

Strontium-Substituted Nanohydroxyapatite-Incorporated Poly(lactic acid) Composites for Orthopedic Applications: Bioactive, Machinable, and High-Strength Properties

“…3−5 To address these limitations, extensive research is focused on the development of bioresorbable internal fixation devices made from biodegradable composites. 6,7 These composites typically consist of synthetic biopolymers such as polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), PGA−PLA copolymers, polylactic acid (PLA), and polycaprolactone (PCL), along with bioceramics like hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and bioactive glasses. comparable tensile strength and modulus of elasticity (3.5−3.8 GPa).…”

“…Prolonged use of these metallic implants can lead to inflammatory reactions and a stress-shielding effect, ultimately resulting in implant failure. Additionally, these implants are nonbiodegradable in the human body, necessitating a second surgery even after sufficient healing has occurred. − To address these limitations, extensive research is focused on the development of bioresorbable internal fixation devices made from biodegradable composites. , These composites typically consist of synthetic biopolymers such as polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), PGA–PLA copolymers, polylactic acid (PLA), and polycaprolactone (PCL), along with bioceramics like hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and bioactive glasses. − Among these biopolymers, PLA displays mechanical characteristics that resemble those of human cortical bone. It shares a comparable tensile strength (48–110 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (3.5–3.8 GPa).…”

Cerium Oxide and Chondroitin Sulfate Doped Polyurethane Scaffold to Bridge Tendons

“…In particular, in orthopedic tissue regeneration, biodegradable polymeric implants based on poly-D-and poly-L-lactic acid, which represent the first generation of thermoplastic biodegradable polymers, have been researched as a substitute to traditional implants, avoiding the necessity of a second surgery to remove the implant. 5,6 These materials are free from toxic and mutagenic effects, but they also have several issues, most importantly mechanical stiffness, unfavorable tissue responses, and foreign body reactions. 7,8 On the other side, natural polymers, such as polysaccharides, are very similar in composition to the components of the native ECM, avoiding toxicity and immunological reactions, but they are also deficient in mechanical properties, which are fundamental to effectively mimic and support the tissue during the regeneration process and to induce the mechanotransduction of cell response, fundamental for the stimulation of specific stem cell differentiation.…”

“…Biopolymer-based scaffolds have been proposed in tissue engineering to replace and restore damaged tendon tissue because they possess the ability to mimic the structural, biochemical, and biomechanical functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM), consequently mimicking the native tissues. In particular, in orthopedic tissue regeneration, biodegradable polymeric implants based on poly- d -and poly- l -lactic acid, which represent the first generation of thermoplastic biodegradable polymers, have been researched as a substitute to traditional implants, avoiding the necessity of a second surgery to remove the implant. , These materials are free from toxic and mutagenic effects, but they also have several issues, most importantly mechanical stiffness, unfavorable tissue responses, and foreign body reactions. , On the other side, natural polymers, such as polysaccharides, are very similar in composition to the components of the native ECM, avoiding toxicity and immunological reactions, but they are also deficient in mechanical properties, which are fundamental to effectively mimic and support the tissue during the regeneration process and to induce the mechanotransduction of cell response, fundamental for the stimulation of specific stem cell differentiation. , For these reasons, new synthetic polymers, such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), are of special interest as they allow the production of scaffolds with controlled elastic and mechanical properties that could guarantee an effective support during the new tissue formation . Medical-grade TPUs have been used in implantable medical devices for decades, but recently, there has been an increasing interest in their application in tissue engineering, as they allow easier handling and suturing and they also possess good blood compatibility and resistance to microorganism colonization and infection. − …”